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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PVT properties of concentrated aqueous electrolytes. III. Volume changes for mixing the major sea salts at I=1.0 and 3.0 at 25°C (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 14 (1985), S. 837-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Sea salts ; NaCl ; Na2SO4 ; MgSO4 ; MgCl2 ; volumes of mixing ; densities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The densities of mixtures of the six possible combinatons of the major sea salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, and MgCl2) were determined at constant ionic strengths of I=1.0 and I=3.0 at 25°C. The results are used to determine the volume changes for mixing (ΔV m ) the major sea salts. The values of ΔV m were fit to equations of the form ΔV m where y i is the molal ionic strength fraction of solute i, and υ0 and υ1 are parameters related to the interaction of like-charged ions. The cross-square rule was found to hold at both ionic strengths. Density estimates were made without and with the addition of volume of mixing terms to Young's Rule and compared to the experimental values. The densities calculated with the addition of volume of mixing terms gave better estimates, demonstrating that the densities of concentrated brines can be more accurately estimated using ΔV m terms. The equations of Reilly and Wood which include the cross-square rule were used to estimate the densities of the cross mixtures (NaCl−MgSO4 and MgCl2−Na2SO4). The estimated densities agree with the measured values to within ±30 ppm at I=1.0 and ±125 ppm at I=3.0.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646294
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The PVT properties of concentrated aqueous electrolytes. IV. Changes in the compressibilities of mixing the major sea salts at 25°C (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 14 (1985), S. 853-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Speed of sound ; aqueous electrolytes ; compressibility ; sea salts ; NaCl ; Na2SO4 ; MgCl2 ; MgSO4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The speed of sound of mixtures of the six possible combinations of the major sea salt ions (Na+, Mg2+, Cl−, and SO 4 2− ) have been determined at I=3.0 and at 25°C. The results have been used to determine the changes in the adiabatic compressibility of mixing ΔKm the major sea salts. The values of ΔKm have been fit to the equation ΔKm=y2y3I2[k0+k1(1-2y3)] where yi is the ionic strength fraction of solute i, k0 and k1 are parameters related to the interactions of like-charged ions. The Young cross-square rule is obeyed to within ±0.04×10−6 cm3-kg−1-bar−1. A linear correlation was found between the compressibility k0 and volume v0 interaction parameters (104k0=−0.24+3.999 v0, s=0.15) in agreement with out earlier findings. Estimates of the sound speeds for the cross square mixtures (NaCl+MgSO4 and MgCl2+Na2SO4) were made using the equations of Reilly and Wood. The estimated sound speeds were found to agree on the average with the measured values to ±0.36 m-sec−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646295
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PVT properties of concentrated aqueous electrolytes: V. Densities and apparent molal volumes of the four major sea salts from dilute solution to saturation and from 0 to 100°C (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 15 (1986), S. 989-1002 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Densities ; partial molal volumes ; NaCl ; Na2SO4 ; MgCl2 ; MgSO4 ; Pitzer theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The densities of the major sea salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4) have been measured from 25 to 95°C and to saturation. These results have been combined with literature data and fitted to equations of the form $$\Delta d = Am{\text{ }} + {\text{ }}Bm^{3/2} {\text{ }} + {\text{ }}Cm^2 {\text{ }} + {\text{ }}Dm^{5/2} $$ where Δd=d−do (do is the density of water) and A, B, and C, etc., are polynomial functions of temperature. The standard deviations of the fits were better than ±50×10−6 g-cm−3 for all the salts from 0 to 95°C and to saturation. The apparent molal volumes Vϕ of the salts have been fitted to the equations of Pitzer. The infinite dilution values of Vϕ were in good agreement with literature data, provided the results were not overfit. The large deviations of Vϕ for MgSO4 from additivity as a function of concentration were attributed to the formation of MgSO4 ion pairs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00645194
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PVT properties of concentrated electrolytes. VI. The speed of sound and apparent molal compressibilities of NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4 solutions from 0 to 100°C (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 16 (1987), S. 269-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Sound speeds ; compressibilities ; partial molal compressibilities ; NaCl ; Na2SO4 ; MgCl2 ; MgSO4 ; Pitzer theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sound velocities of aqueous NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4 solutions were measured from 25 to 95°C in 10o intervals from dilute to saturated solutions. The results were combined with our earlier data and fitted to functions of molality and temperature to within ±0.4 m-sec−1. The adiabatic compressibilities βS were calculated from sound speeds and used to calculate the adiabatic apparent molal compressibilities ξφ. Isothermal compressibilities β and isothermal apparent molal compressibilities χφ were calculated from βS using literature values for the expansibilities and heat capacities. The values of χφ were extrapolated to infinite dilution using the Debye-Huckel limiting law to determine partial molal compressibilities. The apparent molal compressibilities were fitted to Pitzer's equations. The Pitzer parameters for the concentration dependence of χφ were determined as a function of temperature. Correlations of χφ and Vφ at various temperatures were found for the electrolytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646119
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PVT properties of concentrated aqueous electrolytes. II. Compressibilities and apparent molar compressibilities of aqueous NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4 from dilute solution to saturation and from 0 to 50°C (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 11 (1982), S. 671-686 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: sound speeds ; compressibilities ; partial molar compressibilities ; NaCl ; Na2SO4 ; MgCl2 ; MgSO4 ; equations of state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative sound velocities (U-U°) of aqueous NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4 solutions were measured from 0.05m to saturation and from 0 to 45°C. The sound speeds were combined with our earlier work and fitted to a function of molality and temperature to standard deviations within 0.3 m-sec−1. The adiabatic compressibilities, βs, were determined from the sound speeds and used to calculate adiabatic apparent molar compressibilities, Kϕ,s, isothermal compressibilities, β, and apparent molar compressibilities, Kϕ, were determined from the adiabatic values using literature data for expansibilities and heat capacities. The values of Kϕ have been extrapolated to infinite dilution using an extended limiting law. The resulting K0 at various temperatures are in reasonable agreement with literature values. The results of this study have been combined with our earlier results to derive a secant bulk modulus equation of state for NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4 solutions valid from 0 to 50°C and 0 to 1000 bar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00645335
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The PVT properties of concentrated aqueous electrolytes. VIII. The volume changes for mixing the major sea salts at an ionic strength of 3.0 from 5 to 95°C (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 16 (1987), S. 491-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Sea salts ; NaCl ; Na2SO4 ; MgSO4 ; MgCl2 ; volumes of mixing ; densities ; cross-square rule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The densities of mixtures of the six possible combinations of the four major sea salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4) have been measured at a constant ionic strength of I=3.0 at the temperatures 5, 25, 55, and 95°C. The results have been used to determine ΔVm, the volume change for mixing the major sea salts, which were fitted to equations of the from $$\Delta V{\text{m = }}y2y3I^2 \left[ {v0 + v1\left( {1 - 2y{\text{3}}} \right)} \right]$$ where y1 is the molal ionic strength fraction of solute i, and vo and v1 are parameters related to the interaction of like-charge ions. The cross-square rule was verified at each of the temperatures of study, but the rule did not hold as well at the higher temperatures. The temperature dependence of the volume change for mixing ΔVm was examined for each of the six mixtures. It was found that the two mixtures NaCl−Na2SO4 and MgSO4−MgCl2 showed little or no variation of ΔVm with temperature, while the other mixtures showed considerable temperature dependence. These results indicate that the anion-anion interactions of Cl− and SO 4 2− do not vary with temperature, while the cation-cation interactions of Na+ and Mg2+ are temperature sensitive. Explanations for these results based on ion-water inter actions are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00648598
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volume changes for mixing the major sea salts: Equations valid to ionic strength 3.0 and temperature 95°C (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 18 (1989), S. 1007-1017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Sea salts ; NaCl ; Na2SO4 ; MgSO4 ; MgCl2 ; volumes of mixing ; densities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Equations in the ion-interaction (Pitzer) system are derived for the volume change on mixing any combination of the sea salts NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, MgCl2 at constant ionic strenth. For these mixings of different charge types, the equations include complex differences of pure electrolyte terms. Recently measured data for each of the pure electrolytes provide these pure electrolyte terms. Other recent measurements on the volume change on mixing are compared with values calculated from the equations. At 25°C there is no need to introduce the mixing terms based on differences in the interactions of ions of the same sign. At other temperatures, the agreement without the mixing terms is good, but significant improvement is obtained by inclusion of the binary mixing terms θCl,SO 4 v and θ Na,Mg v . The equations and parameters can then predict the volumetric properties of any mixed solution of these salts over the range 0–100°C and to at least 3 mol-kg−1 ionic strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647260
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