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  • Meteorology and Climatology  (3)
  • Engineering  (2)
  • Periplaneta americana  (2)
  • *Droughts
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electrically excitable nerve cell bodies in the central ganglia of two insect species Periplaneta americana and Schistocerca gregaria. Investigation of cell geometry and morphology by intracellular dye injection
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology 40 (1971), S. 579-582+IN1-IN2+583-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 0300-9629
    Schlagwort(e): Electrical excitability ; Periplaneta americana ; Procion dye ; Schistocerca gregaria ; cell geometry ; cell morphology ; cockroach ; insect central nervous system ; intracellular dye injection ; locust ; marking cells ; nerve cell bodies ; neuroanatomy
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(71)90242-8
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The pharmacology of α-bungarotoxin-resistant acetylcholine receptors on an identified cockroach motoneurone (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 172 (1993), S. 359-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Schlagwort(e): Acetylcholine receptors ; Muscarinic ; Nicotinic ; Cockroach ; Periplaneta americana
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of a number of cholinergic agonists and antagonists have been examined on the cell body of the fast coxal depressor (Df) of the cockroach Periplaneta americana using voltage-clamp techniques. Acetylcholine (ACh), when applied to this neurone voltage-clamped at its normal resting potential, results in the generation of an inward current through the activation of receptors which are blocked by α-bungarotoxin (α-bgt). At more depolarized membrane potentials acetylcholine induces an inward current which is strongly voltage-dependent and which is insensitive to α-bgt. An α-bgt-resistant current is also induced by the application of a number of cholinergic agonists. In order of potency these are: decamethonium〉oxotremorine = McN-A-343 = (+)-muscarine = arecaidine propargyl ester 〉nicotine 〉ACh. This α-bgt-resistant response to cholinergic agonists is blocked by a range of antagonists. In order of potency these are : decamethonium 〉pirenzipine 〉quinuclidinyl benzilate = atropine = p-f-hexahydro-sila-difenidol = dexetimide 〉scopolamine = methoctramine. The receptors mediating this response have been termed ‘mixed cholinergic’ due to their sensitivity to both nicotinic and muscarinic ligands. Pharmacological similarities between these ‘mixed’ receptors and binding components found in high speed supernatant fractions of insect nervous tissue are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216618
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An improved boundary integral equation method for Helmholtz problems (1985)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 779-787 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The eigenvalue problem for the Laplace operator is numerical investigated using the boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation. Three methods of discretization are given and illustrated with numerical examples.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620210502
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Godunov method for localization in elastoplastic granular flow (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 385-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: The equations governing the elastic-plastic deformation of granular materials are typically hyperbolic, or contain small-magnitude damping or rate effects. A finite element algorithm is the standard method for the numerical integration of these systems. In particular, finite elements allow great flexibility in the design of grid geometry. However, modern finite difference methods for hyperbolic systems have been successful in aerodynamics computations, resolving wave structures more sharply than finite element schemes. In this paper we develop a finite difference scheme for granular flow problems. We report on a second-order Godunov-type scheme for the integration of hyperbolic equations for the elastoplastic deformation of a simple model of granular flow. The Godunov method includes a characteristic tracing step in the integration, providing minimal wave dispersion, and a slope limiting step, preventing unphysical oscillations.The granular flow model we consider is hyperbolic, but hyperbolicity is lost at a large value of accumulated plastic strain. This loss of hyperbolicity is a tell-tale signal for the formation of a shear band within the sample. Typically, when systems lose hyperbolicity a regularization mechanism is added to the model equations in order to maintain the well posedness of the system. These regularizations include viscosity, viscoplasticity, higher-order gradient effects or stress coupling. Here we appeal to a very different kind of regularization. When the system loses hyperbolicity and a shear band forms, we treat the band as an internal boundary, and impose jump conditions at this boundary. Away from the band, the system remains hyperbolic and the integration step proceeds as usual.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610170603
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  • 5
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    Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2009-03-07
    Beschreibung: Amazon forests are a key but poorly understood component of the global carbon cycle. If, as anticipated, they dry this century, they might accelerate climate change through carbon losses and changed surface energy balances. We used records from multiple long-term monitoring plots across Amazonia to assess forest responses to the intense 2005 drought, a possible analog of future events. Affected forest lost biomass, reversing a large long-term carbon sink, with the greatest impacts observed where the dry season was unusually intense. Relative to pre-2005 conditions, forest subjected to a 100-millimeter increase in water deficit lost 5.3 megagrams of aboveground biomass of carbon per hectare. The drought had a total biomass carbon impact of 1.2 to 1.6 petagrams (1.2 x 10(15) to 1.6 x 10(15) grams). Amazon forests therefore appear vulnerable to increasing moisture stress, with the potential for large carbon losses to exert feedback on climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Phillips, Oliver L -- Aragao, Luiz E O C -- Lewis, Simon L -- Fisher, Joshua B -- Lloyd, Jon -- Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela -- Malhi, Yadvinder -- Monteagudo, Abel -- Peacock, Julie -- Quesada, Carlos A -- van der Heijden, Geertje -- Almeida, Samuel -- Amaral, Ieda -- Arroyo, Luzmila -- Aymard, Gerardo -- Baker, Tim R -- Banki, Olaf -- Blanc, Lilian -- Bonal, Damien -- Brando, Paulo -- Chave, Jerome -- de Oliveira, Atila Cristina Alves -- Cardozo, Nallaret Davila -- Czimczik, Claudia I -- Feldpausch, Ted R -- Freitas, Maria Aparecida -- Gloor, Emanuel -- Higuchi, Niro -- Jimenez, Eliana -- Lloyd, Gareth -- Meir, Patrick -- Mendoza, Casimiro -- Morel, Alexandra -- Neill, David A -- Nepstad, Daniel -- Patino, Sandra -- Penuela, Maria Cristina -- Prieto, Adriana -- Ramirez, Fredy -- Schwarz, Michael -- Silva, Javier -- Silveira, Marcos -- Thomas, Anne Sota -- Steege, Hans Ter -- Stropp, Juliana -- Vasquez, Rodolfo -- Zelazowski, Przemyslaw -- Alvarez Davila, Esteban -- Andelman, Sandy -- Andrade, Ana -- Chao, Kuo-Jung -- Erwin, Terry -- Di Fiore, Anthony -- Honorio C, Euridice -- Keeling, Helen -- Killeen, Tim J -- Laurance, William F -- Pena Cruz, Antonio -- Pitman, Nigel C A -- Nunez Vargas, Percy -- Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma -- Rudas, Agustin -- Salamao, Rafael -- Silva, Natalino -- Terborgh, John -- Torres-Lezama, Armando -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1344-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1164033.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. o.phillips@leeds.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19265020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Atmosphere ; *Biomass ; Brazil ; Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; South America ; *Trees/growth & development ; Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    AKTUELLE ARTIKEL
  • 6
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    Cabauw Experimental Results from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-23
    Beschreibung: In the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes phase 2a experiment, meteorological data for the year 1987 from Cabauw, the Netherlands, were used as inputs to 23 land-surface flux schemes designed for use in climate and weather models. Schemes were evaluated by comparing their outputs with long-term measurements of surface sensible heat fluxes into the atmosphere and the ground, and of upward longwave radiation and total net radiative fluxes, and also comparing them with latent heat fluxes derived from a surface energy balance. Tuning of schemes by use of the observed flux data was not permitted. On an annual basis, the predicted surface radiative temperature exhibits a range of 2 K across schemes, consistent with the range of about 10 W/m in predicted surface net radiation. Most modeled values of monthly net radiation differ from the observations by less than the estimated maximum monthly observational error (+/- 10 W/sq m). However, modeled radiative surface temperature appears to have a systematic positive bias in most schemes; this might be explained by an error in assumed emissivity and by models' neglect of canopy thermal heterogeneity. Annual means of sensible and latent heat fluxes, into which net radiation is partitioned, have ranges across schemes of 30 W/sq m and 25 W/sq m, respectively. Annual totals of evapotranspiration and runoff, into which the precipitation is partitioned, both have ranges of 315 mm. These ranges in annual heat and water fluxes were approximately halved upon exclusion of the three schemes that have no stomatal resistance under non-water-stressed conditions. Many schemes tend to underestimate latent heat flux and overestimate sensible heat flux in summer, with a reverse tendency in winter. For six schemes, root-mean-square deviations of predictions from monthly observations are less than the estimated upper bounds on observation errors (5 W/m for sensible beat flux and 10 W/m for latent heat flux). Actual runoff at the site is believed to be dominated by vertical drainage to ground water, but several schemes produced significant amounts of runoff as overland flow or interflow. There is a range across schemes of 184 mm (40% of total pore volume) in the simulated annual mean root-zone soil moisture. Unfortunately, no measurements of soil moisture were available for model evaluation. A theoretical analysis suggested that differences in boundary conditions used in various schemes are not sufficient to explain the large variance in soil moisture. However, many of the extreme values of soil moisture could be explained in terms of the particulars of experimental setup or excessive evapotranspiration.
    Schlagwort(e): Meteorology and Climatology
    Materialart: Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes Research Publications; 27-28
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Impact of Land Surface Initialization Approach on Subseasonal Forecast Skill: a Regional Analysis in the Southern Hemisphere (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The authors use a sophisticated coupled land-atmosphere modeling system for a Southern Hemisphere subdomain centered over southeastern Australia to evaluate differences in simulation skill from two different land surface initialization approaches. The first approach uses equilibrated land surface states obtained from offline simulations of the land surface model, and the second uses land surface states obtained from reanalyses. The authors find that land surface initialization using prior offline simulations contribute to relative gains in subseasonal forecast skill. In particular, relative gains in forecast skill for temperature of 10%-20% within the first 30 days of the forecast can be attributed to the land surface initialization method using offline states. For precipitation there is no distinct preference for the land surface initialization method, with limited gains in forecast skill irrespective of the lead time. The authors evaluated the asymmetry between maximum and minimum temperatures and found that maximum temperatures had the largest gains in relative forecast skill, exceeding 20% in some regions. These results were statistically significant at the 98% confidence level at up to 60 days into the forecast period. For minimum temperature, using reanalyses to initialize the land surface contributed to relative gains in forecast skill, reaching 40% in parts of the domain that were statistically significant at the 98% confidence level. The contrasting impact of the land surface initialization method between maximum and minimum temperature was associated with different soil moisture coupling mechanisms. Therefore, land surface initialization from prior offline simulations does improve predictability for temperature, particularly maximum temperature, but with less obvious improvements for precipitation and minimum temperature over southeastern Australia.
    Schlagwort(e): Meteorology and Climatology
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN11630 , Journal of Hydrometeorology; 15; 1; 300-319
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    The Plumbing of Land Surface Models: Is Poor Performance a Result of Methodology or Data Quality? (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The PALS Land sUrface Model Benchmarking Evaluation pRoject (PLUMBER) illustrated the value of prescribing a priori performance targets in model intercomparisons. It showed that the performance of turbulent energy flux predictions from different land surface models, at a broad range of flux tower sites using common evaluation metrics, was on average worse than relatively simple empirical models. For sensible heat fluxes, all land surface models were outperformed by a linear regression against downward shortwave radiation. For latent heat flux, all land surface models were outperformed by a regression against downward shortwave, surface air temperature and relative humidity. These results are explored here in greater detail and possible causes are investigated. We examine whether particular metrics or sites unduly influence the collated results, whether results change according to time-scale aggregation and whether a lack of energy conservation in fluxtower data gives the empirical models an unfair advantage in the intercomparison. We demonstrate that energy conservation in the observational data is not responsible for these results. We also show that the partitioning between sensible and latent heat fluxes in LSMs, rather than the calculation of available energy, is the cause of the original findings. Finally, we present evidence suggesting that the nature of this partitioning problem is likely shared among all contributing LSMs. While we do not find a single candidate explanation forwhy land surface models perform poorly relative to empirical benchmarks in PLUMBER, we do exclude multiple possible explanations and provide guidance on where future research should focus.
    Schlagwort(e): Meteorology and Climatology
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN41031 , Journal of Hydrometeorology (ISSN 1525-755X) (e-ISSN 1525-7541); 17; 6; 1705-1723
    Format: application/pdf
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