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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of dietary nicotine and colony source ofManduca sexta [Lepidoptera: Sphingidae] on its suitability as a host ofCotesia congregata [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Manduca sexta ; nicotine ; Cotesia congregata ; strains ; Manduca sexta ; nicotine ; Cotesia congregata ; souches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une expérimentation a été entreprise afin de déterminer si les différences enregistrées entre deux colonies distinctes deM. sexta, affectées également par le régime nicotiné, influencent le développement, la survie et la taille de son parasitoïdeCotesia congregata. Les sphynx du tabac d'une colonie du Maryland et de la Caroline du Nord ont été élevés sur un milieu à 0,1 % de nicotine et exposés au parasitisme parC. congregata. Les individus de la colonie du Maryland furent en général de meilleurs hôtes que ceux de la colonie de Caroline du Nord. Bien que la nicotine ait des effects négatifs sur les deux colonies, ceux-ci furent plus sévères chez les individus parasitant les sphynx de Caroline du Nord.
    Notes: Abstract Larval tobacco hornworms,Manduca sexta (L.), of 2 different colonies were exposed to parasitism by the gregarious endoparasitoid,Cotesia congregata (Say). A comparison was made of parasitoid larval, pre-pupal, and pupal mortality, female and male dry weight and larval development time. In general, “Maryland” hornworms were more suitable hosts than “North Carolina” hornworms. Although the presence of dietary nicotine increased parasitoid mortality in individuals reared from hornworms of both colonies, the effect was more severe among individuals parasitizing the North Carolina hornworms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374797
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalized plant defense: effects on multiple species (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 85 (1991), S. 562-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Generalized plant defense ; Community structure ; Pseudomonas sp. ; Manduca sexta ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two species of lepidopteran herbivores, Manduca sexta (Sphingidae) and Trichoplusia ni (Noctuidae), were reared on synthetic diet containing either the alkaloid nicotine or the flavonoid rutin. Survival and pupal weight of the specialist M. sexta did not differ when larvae were reared on diet containing nicotine or rutin. In contrast, the generalist T. ni did not survive on diet containing 0.125% nicotine or greater, whereas larvae survived on all concentrations of rutin. These data demonstrate that the alkaloid nicotine is inhibitory toward generalist, but not specialist herbivores, whereas the flavonoid rutin has no effect on specialist herbivores and limited effects on generalist herbivores. Five species of Pseudomonas bacterial pathogens: P. syringae, P. syringae pv. angulata, P. syringae pv. tabaci, P. fluorescens, and P. solanacearum were grown on nutrient agar containing nicotine or rutin at concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 1.0% wet weight in 0.1% intervals. No species of Pseudomonas grew at concentrations greater than 0.5% nicotine when 106 colony forming units (cfu) were used, but growth occurred at all concentrations of rutin when 102 cfu were used. These data indicate that nicotine was inhibitory to growth of both herbivores and pathogens, suggesting that certain plant secondary chemicals with high toxicity are of a generalized nature and affect multiple species. Differences in the sensitivity of organisms to allelochemicals such as generalist or specialist can make it appear that specific allelochemicals affect specific organisms, when in fact it is the tolerance of the organism to the plant chemical that is responsible. In four separate studies, the growth of M. sexta, T. ni and Helicoverpa zea was significantly lower on plants inoculated with P. solanacearum. Alteration in leaf quality by P. solanacearum was due to either reductions in leaf nutrients or increases in allelochemicals. We speculate that localized or systemic induction by both herbivores and pathogens can cause changes in leaf quality, effecting each other's subsequent colonization. The generalized nature of plant secondary compounds and potential reciprocal effects on induction by both species suggests that herbivores and pathogens may affect plant quality through induction and diffuse interactions of disparate species can alter the community of organisms colonizing a plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323769
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral responses to host foodplants of two populations of the insect parasitoid Cotesia congregata (Say) (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 99 (1994), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Local adaptation ; Population differences ; Parasitoid behavior ; Cotesia congregata ; Manduca sexta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To test the hypothesis that natural enemy populations differ in their behavioral responses to plants or to plant allelochemicals, we compared two populations of the gregarious larval endoparasitoid, Cotesia congregata (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) that differed in their historical and present exposure to tobacco. The major hosts for both populations were Manduca sexta L. and M. quinquemaculata (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), but these hosts were typically encountered on tobacco by parasitoids in one population (Upper Marlboro) and on tomato by parasitoids in another population (Wye). Early in the season, Wye parasitoids preferred to oviposit in M. sexta on tomato rather than on tobacco and Upper Marlboro parasitoids showed no preference; neither population showed any preference later in the season. Neither of the strains originating from the two populations showed a landing preference for tobacco or tomato in flight chamber trials, but Upper Marlboro parasitoids searched longer on tobacco than on tomato, and Wye parasitoids searched longer on tomato. When nicotine solutions were applied to tobacco leaf, searching responses of Upper Marlboro parasitoids were enhanced by 0.001–1.0% nicotine, and searching responses of Wye parasitoids were decreased by 0.01–1.0% nicotine. We speculate that population differences in searching responses to tobacco and nicotine may explain the differential parasitism responses found early in the season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317096
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth, development, feeding preference, and food consumption and utilization by tobacco hornworm on tobacco mosaic virus-infected and non-infected tobacco leaves (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 521-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Manduca sexta ; tobacco mosaic virus ; tobacco hornworm ; plant pathogen/insect interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plant disease may cause a variety of changes in plants which influence their suitability to insect herbivores. The reported physiological changes in tobacco due to infection by tobacco mosaic virus have the potential to influence the feeding, growth and behavior of the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta. However, feeding on foliage of systematically infected plants had no statistically significant effects on development time, mean pupal weight or the amount of foliage consumed by 4th instars. Although an initial preference was exhibited by larvae for healthy leaves after about 72 h no differences were observed. These results do not support the results of previous research on the influence of tobacco mosaic virus-infected plants on the tobacco hornworm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954253
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dietary nicotine (0.1%) and parasitism by Cotesia congregata on the growth and food consumption and utilization of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Tobacco hornworm ; Manduca sexta ; parasitoids ; Cotesia congregata ; allelochemicals ; nicotine ; nutritional indices ; tri-trophic interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que les influences des substances allélochimiques des plantes et du parasitisme aient été étudiées séparément, leurs effets combinés sur l'utilisation des aliments après ingestion par un herbivore n'avaient pas été examinés. Il est probable que les substances allélochimiques peuvent agir sur l'adéquation des herbivores pour leurs parasitoïdes, ou que la présence de parasitoïdes peut influer sur l'action des substances allélochimiques sur les indices nutritionnels des herbivores. Manduca sexta L. et son parasitoïde, Cotesia congregata Say fournissent un bon modèle pour étudier les interactions entre parasitisme et substances allélochimiques sur la croissance, la consommation et l'utilisation de la nourriture ingérée chez les larves de M. sexta. Les taux de croissance, la consommation et l'efficacité de la conversion des chenilles de 33 et 43 stades ne sont pas influencés significativement par les intéractions entre nicotine alimentaire et parasitisme. Cependant, le parasitisme réduit le taux de croissance des chenilles du 5e stade, ce qui se traduit par une réduction de leur consommation. La digestibilité des aliments ingérés a été augmentée chez les chenilles parasitées, mais non lorsque l'aliment consommé contenait de la nicotine. L'examen des valeurs de ECD et de ECI montre que l'ingestion de nicotine alimentaire réduit l'efficacité de la conversion des aliments digérés et ingérés par des chenilles non-parasitées, mais ces indices étaient supérieurs à ceux des chenilles parasitées. Ces résultats suggèrent que lorsque les chenilles sont parasitées après la mue du 33 stade, C. congregata n'influence pas l'alimentation de son hôte jusqu'à ce qu'il atteigne le dernier stade. La nicotine, dans les tissus de l'hôte, dépasse les effets du parasitisme. Il est probable qu'aucun des changements observés ne provient d'un effet direct sur les processus d'assimilation et de conversion mais plutôt de l'exposition des parasitoïdes à la nicotine dans l'hémolymphe de la chenille.
    Notes: Abstract The interactive effects of dietary nicotine (0.1%) and parasitism by Cotesia congregata (Say) (Braconidae) on post-ingestive utilization of food by the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.) (Sphingidae) were studied in the laboratory. The rates of growth and consumption and the food utilization indices of third and fourth instar hornworms were not significantly influenced by the interactive effect of dietary nicotine and parasitism. However, parasitism reduced the growth rate of fifth instar hornworms, resulting from a reduction in their consumption rate. Efficiency of digestion of ingested food was enhanced in parasitized larvae, but not when they ingested diets containing nicotine. Ingestion of dietary nicotine reduced the efficiency of conversion of digested and ingested food of unparasitized hornworms as reflected in ECD and ECI values, but these indices were larger than in parasitized hosts. Results suggest that when hornworm larvae are parasitized after ecdysis to the third instar, C. congregata does not influence feeding by its larval host until the host reaches its terminal instar. Nicotine, within host tissues, ‘over-rides’ any effect caused by parasitism. It is probable that any change observed may not result from a direct effect on the assimilation and conversion processes of the hornworm larva but due to parasitoids' exposure to nicotine in the hornworm's hemolymph.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349589
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant allelochemicals and insect parasitoids effects of nicotine onCotesia congregata (say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) andHyposoter annulipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1319-1328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant allelochemical ; parasitoids ; three trophic level interactions ; nicotine ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Noctuidae ; Cotesia congregata ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Hyposoter annulipes ; Ichneumonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Parasitoids developing within tobacco hornworms or fall army-worms exhibit significant differences in development and survival depending on whether their hosts fed on nicotine-free or nicotine-containing diets. The effects of nicotine were more severe on the relatively less adapted parasitoid,H. annulipes than the specialist parasitoid,Cotesia congregata. Labeled alkaloid originally placed in herbivore diet was incorporated in several parasitoid tissues. These results suggest that interactions between plant allelochemicals and parasitoids should be considered in the development of theory on insect herbivory and plant defense.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012351
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of comsumption of high and low nicotine tobacco byManduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on survival of gregarious endoparasitoidCotesia congregata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1329-1337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant allelochemical ; parasitoid ; three trophic level interaction ; antibiosis ; nicotine ; tobacco ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; Cotesia congregata ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The significance of nicotine in the three trophic level interaction involving tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), and the parasitoidCotesia congregata was investigated in field plots of two varieties of tobacco which had about a 10-fold difference in their nicotine content. WhileM. sexta mortality, rates of parasitism byC. congregata, and the total number ofC. congregata larvae produced per host were similar on each of the two varieties, the number of parasitoids reaching adult-hood on the low nicotine treatment was nearly twice that on the high nicotine treatment. This difference was due to the significantly greater proportion of parasitoid larvae which failed to emerge from the host or that died prior to pupation after emerging from hosts which fed on the high nicotine variety. A greater proportion of larvae from hosts which fed on the low nicotine tobacco died as pupae. No treatment differences occurred for either sex of the parasitoid in individual dry weight, longevity, or pupal development time, except that female pupal duration was prolonged in the high nicotine treatment. These results support the suggestion that plant allelochemicals, which may function to provide plant resistance against pest herbivores, can be detrimental to natural enemies of the pest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012352
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