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  • 1
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    Profiling of atmospheric water vapor with microwave radiometry (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Weighting functions were developed which express the water vapor information content of microwave radiometric measurements. Retrievals of water vapor profiles are performed using these weighting functions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 81-85
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Retrieval of total precipitable water using radiometric measurements near 183.3 GHz and 90 GHz frequencies (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data collected with the Advanced Microwave Moisture Sounder (AMMS), which operates in the 183.3 GHz range, are compared to measurements collected at 22 GHz in order to show that the 183 GHz measurements are more sensitive to total precipitable water (W) values than the 22 GHz measurements. Radiative transfer calculations for the upwelling microwave emission from the ocean surface were performed at the AMMS frequencies with a variety of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. The derived brightness temperatures at these frequencies are compared with W values derived from the humidity profiles. It is observed that the sensitivity between the brightness temperatures and W values at the AMMS channel is greater than 130 K/g per sq cm and 12 K/g per sq cm for the 22 GHz frequency.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 3
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    Tropical cyclone rainfall as measured by the Nimbus 5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A selected group of 1973 North Pacific Ocean tropical cyclones was studied by using data from the Nimbus 5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR), the Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR), NOAA-2 and USAF DMSP imageries. From the unique combination of infrared, visible, and microwave data, it was possible during various stages of storm development to differentiate between dense cirrus outflow and rain areas, to identify centers of circulation and areas of low-level moisture, and by the use of a theoretical model to estimate semi-quantitatively areas of light, moderate, and heavy rainfall rates.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 55
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  • 4
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    A satellite technique for quantitatively mapping rainfall rates over the oceans (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A theoretical model for calculating microwave radiative transfer in raining atmospheres is developed. These calculations are compared with microwave brightness temperatures at a wavelength of 1.55 cm measured by the Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) on the Nimbus-5 satellite and rain rates derived from WSR-57 meteorological radar measurements. A specially designed ground-based verification experiment was also performed, wherein upward-viewing microwave brightness temperature measurements at wavelengths of 1.55 and 0.81 cm were compared with directly measured rain rates. It is shown that, over ocean areas, brightness temperature measurements from ESMR may be interpreted in terms of rain rate with about an accuracy of a factor of 2 over the range 1 to 25 mm/hr rain rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; May 1977
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  • 5
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    Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, and wind speed at the ocean surface by passive microwave techniques from the Nimbus 5 satellite (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The microwave brightness temperature measurements for Nimbus 5 electrically scanned microwave radiometer (ESMR) and Nimbus-E microwave spectrometer (NEMS) are used to retrieve the atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, and wind speed by a quasi-statistical retrieval technique. It is shown that the brightness temperature can be utilized to yield these parameters under various weather conditions. Observations at 19.35, 22.235, and 31.4 GHz were input to the regression equations. The retrieved values of these parameters for portions of two Nimbus 5 orbits are presented. Then comparison between the retrieved parameters and the available observations on the total water vapor content and the surface wind speed are made.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radio Science; 14; Sept
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  • 6
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    A survey of passive microwave and hybrid remote sensing of precipitation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is noted that for practical realization of new information on precipitation during this decade, satellite observing systems must be coupled into surface-based observations and computer models of weather systems as they develop. Methods to combine the satellite/surface-based/model capabilities are discussed and several precipitation estimation pilot studies are proposed and outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 3 p
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  • 7
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    Microwave radiometry and hybrid precipitation measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It was necessary to identify the most promising measurement techniques and strategies and to understand those candidate systems in detail. The emphasis was on passive microwave remote-sensing techniques. A brief background in passive microwave and hybrid techniques for measuring precipitation, key problem areas and strategies for dealing with those problems, a precipitation measurement system, and specific recommendations are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 11 p
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  • 8
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    Meteorological interpretations of the images from the Nimbus 5 electrically scanned microwave radiometer (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Nimbus 5 Electrically Scanned Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) is useful in determining the extent, structure, and intensity of rainfall over oceans. It is possible on the basis of rainfall maps to determine the location of frontal rain, rain/snow boundaries, and the structure of tropical storms. ESMR data on rainfall over the east coast of the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, on snowfall over the northeast coast of the United States, on frontal zones in the northwestern Pacific and on the tropical storm Leila in the South Indian Ocean are examined. Because of the generally high emissivities of land surfaces, interpretation of meteorological parameters over land is not yet possible.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Feb. 197
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Profiling atmospheric water vapor by microwave radiometry (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: High-altitude microwave radiometric observations at frequencies near 92 and 183.3 GHz were used to study the potential of retrieving atmospheric water vapor profiles over both land and water. An algorithm based on an extended kalman-Bucy filter was implemented and applied for the water vapor retrieval. The results show great promise in atmospheric water vapor profiling by microwave radiometry heretofore not attainable at lower frequencies.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; May 1983
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  • 10
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    Water vapor profiling using microwave radiometry (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Water vapor is one of the most important constituents in the Earth's atmosphere. Its spatial and temporal variations affect a wide spectrum of meteorological phenomena ranging from the formation of clouds to the development of severe storms. The passive microwave technique offers an excellent means for water vapor measurements. It can provide both day and night coverage under most cloud conditions. Two water vapor absorption features, at 22 and 183 GHz, were explored in the past years. The line strengths of these features differ by nearly two orders of magnitude. As a consequence, the techniques and the final products of water vapor measurements are also quite different. The research effort in the past few years was to improve and extend the retrieval algorithm to the measurements of water vapor profiles under cloudy conditions. In addition, the retrieval of total precipitable water using 183 GHz measurements, but in a manner analogous to the use of 22 GHz measurements, to increase measurement sensitivity for atmospheres of very low moisture content was also explored.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Laboratory for Oceans; p 165-167
    Format: application/pdf
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