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  • 1
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    The integrated enstrophy budget of the winter stratosphere diagnosed from LIMS data (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 43; 1074-108
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  • 2
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    Horizontal mixing coefficients for two-dimensional chemical models calculated from National Meteorological Center Data (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Calculations of the two-dimensional, species-independent mixing coefficients for two-dimensional chemical models for the troposphere and stratosphere are performed using quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity fluxes and gradients from 4 years of National Meteorological Center data for the four seasons in both hemispheres. Results show that the horizontal mixing coefficient values for the winter lower stratosphere are broadly consistent with those currently employed in two-dimensional models, but the horizontal mixing coefficient values in the northern winter upper stratosphere are much larger than those usually used.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 7919-792
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  • 3
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    A numerical simulation of barotropic instability. III - Wave-wave interaction in the presence of dissipation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A fully nonlinear model of barotropic instability including dissipation is used to investigate the evolution of the integrated enstrophy and vorticity. The dissipation independent limits on the integrated enstrophy and the long period oscillation in the integrated enstrophy found by Schoeberl and Lindzen are verified. The enstrophy oscillations are similar to those previously noted for two-dimensional Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities. They are produced by advection of the vorticity back and forth across the region of instability by the largest scale wave. A simple expression that accurately estimates the period of these oscillations is derived using the saturation theory.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 43; 1045-105
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  • 4
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    A numerical simulation of barotropic instability. II Wave-wave interaction (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A fully nonlinear numerical model of the point jet barotropic instability is used to test and confirm the hypothesis that the magnitude of the wave vorticity does not exceed the magnitude of the initial shear. This result arises directly from the local conservation of vorticity following a parcel and the fact that unstable waves are principally confined to the region where the zonal mean vorticity can be smoothed by the wave so as to eliminate the instability. Comparisons are made between fully nonlinear and quasi-linear models of the point jet instability and their tracer transport properties. Differences become particularly evident after wave saturation. The most important effect neglected by the wave-mean flow model appears to be the advection of wave vorticity by the most unstable mode. However, as equilibration of the instability proceeds, the globally averaged properties of both models are found to be similar.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 2869-288
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  • 5
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    On the linear approximation of gravity wave saturation in the mesosphere (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lindzen's model of gravity wave breaking is shown to be inconsistent with the process of convective adjustment and associated turbulent outbreak. The K-theory turbulent diffusion model used by Lindzen implies a spatially uniform turbulent field which is not in agreement with the fact that gravity wave saturation and the associated convection produce turbulence only in restricted zones. The Lindzen model may be corrected to some extent by taking the turbulent Prandtl number for a diffusion acting on the wave itself to be very large. The eddy diffusion coefficients computed by Lindzen then become a factor of 2 larger and eddy transports of heat and constituents by wave fields vanish to first order.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 1893-189
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  • 6
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    Vacillation, sudden warmings and potential enstrophy balance in the stratosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The balance of potential enstrophy and its relationship to vacillation cycles and the sudden warming is studied for a beta-channel model of the stratosphere. It is shown that the mean flow cannot be steady in the presence of large-amplitude quasi-geostrophic waves (approximately 1-0.25 geopotential kilometers /gpkm/) when any dissipation is present, and the maximum wave amplitude allowed is approximately 2 gpkm. If wave forcing (transience plus dissipation) is artificially maintained, the mean flow decelerates slowly at first then explosively as the potential vorticity gradient of the basic state is wiped out over the channel. This process is called wave saturation. The initial phase of the explosive deceleration resembles both the observed and modeled mean flow evolution during a sudden stratospheric warming. A simple vacillation model based upon these ideas shows remarkable similarity to the results of Holton and Mass (1976) and Davies (1981).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; Aug. 198
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  • 7
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    The response of the zonally averaged circulation to stratospheric ozone reductions (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of various ozone density reductions of the zonally averaged circulation are evaluated with a numerical quasi-geostrophic model. If the ozone perturbations are confined to the polar regions and are minuscule on a global basis as was characteristic of the August 1972 solar proton event, then the calculations indicate a negligible effect on the mean circulation. For global ozone perturbations by predicted halocarbon pollution, about 10% reduction in the zonal jet strength and less than a 5% change in global mean stratospheric temperature are calculated. Large, uniform ozone reductions (above 50%) produce significant effects on the mean circulation: a substantial collapse of the stratosphere due to cooler temperatures, and a weak polar night jet. The reflection and transmission of quasi-stationary planetary waves in the middle atmosphere are computed to be insensitive to solar activity as extreme as the August 1972 solar proton event. It thus seems improbable that planetary waves are a viable mechanism for solar-weather interactions that involve perturbations of the zonally averaged circulation by ozone density reductions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 35; Sept
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  • 8
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    The zonally averaged circulation of the middle atmosphere (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The steady-state, zonally averaged circulation of the middle atmosphere (15-125 km) is studied with a quasigeostrophic, numerical model that explicitly includes a self-consistent calculation of solar radiative heating due to O2 and O3 absorption, Newtonian cooling, Rayleigh friction, tropopause boundary conditions based on climatological averages, and the effects of vertically propagating planetary waves. It is found that the direct, radiatively driven pole-to-pole circulation at solstice is sufficient to account for the cold summer mesopause and warm isothermal winter mesosphere with associated zonal jets of realistic magnitude. The climatological heat and momentum fluxes associated with planetary wavenumber 2 have a negligible effect on the mean circulation. With planetary wavenumber 1, no steady-state solution could be obtained due to the formation of easterlies and hence critical layers in the winter mesosphere. The radiative heating associated with secondary peaks in the O3 density at the mesopause could render the polar mesopause region convectively unstable.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 35; Apr. 197
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  • 9
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    Stratospheric warmings - Observations and theory (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Winter stratospheric-warming observations and associated theories are reviewed. Major warmings occur on the average every other year and may be considered an important climatological component of the winter stratosphere. The warming results from eddy heat transport from equatorial latitudes into the polar regions. The eddies chiefly responsible for the transport are the planetary-scale waves which may attain amplitudes twice their monthly average values in the lower stratosphere prior to the warming. In the troposphere this amplitude increase is associated with the development of blocking patterns. The warming is shown to have a strong nonzonal component in the upper stratosphere, a feature not fully recognized by modelers. The critical-level theory of the sudden stratospheric warming provides a simple dynamic explanation of the event. The close connection between blocking in the troposphere and the development of the sudden warming is likely to be a result of resonance of free planetary waves in a stratospheric wind cavity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 16; Nov. 197
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  • 10
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    Synopsis of the Fifth Conference on the Meteorology of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The papers presented at the Fifth Conference on the Meteorology of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere held on April 23-26, 1985, are reviewed. The observational aspects of large-scale circulation, such as summer and winter circulation in the Southern Hemisphere, and analysis schemes, like the multivariate statistical analysis scheme, are discussed. The topics of numerical simulations of the general circulation and sudden-warming are examined. Papers concerning processes of O3, NO2, H2, and HNO3 are described. Research on large-scale mixing processes in the stratosphere is presented. The topic of equatorial dynamics and stability is analyzed. Papers focusing on the effect of gravity waves on the general circulation are studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 66; 1428-143
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