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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (5)
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  • 1
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    Convective dynamics (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In addressing meteorological processes, including convection, it is convenient to separate these processes into their kinematic, dynamic, and microphysical components. Dynamic processes deal with the forces that initiate and sustain or alter motion, while kinematic processes describe the motion field. Microphysical processes address the distribution of water substance. This review of convective dynamics is organized along the following lines. First is an assessment of radar capability, particularly the use of one or more Doppler radars, to portray the wind field. Then various types of precipitating moist convection are reviewed. Each type or mode of convection results from a distinct environment. The principal interest of dynamics here is its role in the convection's evolution, structure, and movement. Thus, the important processes of storm rotation, splitting and propagation, including tornadogenesis, are examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 2
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    Response of a two-dimensional dual-Doppler radar wind synthesis (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The wind field resulting from a two-dimensional dual-Doppler synthesis algorithms is spectrally modified from the true wind field. The effects of spatial filtering on wind fields from the processes of interpolation, the averaging of pulses, and the effect of the finite radar pulse dimension were assessed. The effect resulting from the use of different interpolation techniques was also evaluated. Of those techniques tested, the best are the Cressman distance-weighted averaging and linear distance-weighted averaging, with the closest neighbor and uniform weighting having more undesirable characteristics. The optimum influence radius is defined as the influence radius at which the ratio of the rms difference between the Fourier and least-squares responses (a measure of the aliasing) and the variance of the filtered wind field is minimized. This seeks to minimize the effect of energy aliased into scales other than the input wavelength. For the Cressman interpolation technique, the optimum influence radius is between 1.85 and 2.25 times the maximum data spacing. The range of acceptable influence radii includes consideration of the filtering by the radar of the data as it is collected, as well as the resolution of the final dataset. The optimum influence radius is dependent upon the largest data separation in the analysis domain. The absolute optimum influence radius is not significantly affected by inclusion of the radar-beam filtering effects.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 11; 2 pt; p. 239-255
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  • 3
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    Initialization of a modeled convective storm using Doppler radar-derived fields (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A method is developed to initialize convective storm simulations with Doppler radar-derived fields. Input fields for initialization include velocity, rainwater derived from radar reflectivity, and pressure and temperature fields obtained through thermodynamic retrieval. A procedure has been developed to fill in missing wind data, followed by a variational adjustment to the filled wind field to minimize 'shocks' that would otherwise cause the simulated fields to deteriorate rapidly. A series of experiments using data from a simulated storm establishes the feasibility of the initialization method. Multiple-Doppler radar observations from the 20 May 1977 Del City tornadic storm are used for the initialization experiments. Simulation results are shown and compared to observations taken at a later time. The simulated storm shows good agreement with the subsequent observations, though the simulated storm appears to be evolving faster than observed. Possible reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 121; 10; p. 2757-2775.
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  • 4
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    Doppler radar observations of the evolution of a small convective storm during Cohmex (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Doppler radar observations of a deep convection that developed along the Alabama-Tennesse border on July 14, 1986 are analyzed. The evolution and structure of the convective storm are examined. Two convective cores are observed and both having a radius of about 1 km and maximum reflectivities of about 5 dBz; a third cell is also detected later in the region between the northern and southern cells. It is noted that the northern cell is the most dominant possessing an updraft through the region of maximum reflectivity. Diagrams of the vertical structure of the cells are provided.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Radar Meteorology; Mar 27, 1989 - Mar 31, 1989; Tallahassee, FL; United States
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  • 5
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    Lightning location relative to storm structure in a supercell storm and a multicell storm (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Relationships between lightning location and storm structure are examined for one radar volume scan in each of two mature, severe storms. One of these storms had characteristics of a supercell storm, and the other was a multicell storm. Data were analyzed from dual-Doppler radar and dual-VHF lightning-mapping systems. The distributions of VHF impulse sources were compared with radar reflectivity, vertical air velocity, and their respective gradients. In the supercell storm, lightning tended to occur along streamlines above and down-shear of the updraft and reflectivity cores; VHF impulse sources were most concentrated in reflectivities between 30 and 40 dBZ and were distributed uniformly with respect to updraft speed. In the multicell storm, on the other hand, lightning tended to coincide with the vertical reflectivity and updraft core and with the diverging streamlines near the top of the storm. The results suggest that the location of lightning in these severe storms were most directly associated with the wind field structure relative to updraft and reflectivity cores. Since the magnitude and vertical shear of the environmental wind are fundamental in determining the reflectivity and wind field structure of a storm, it is suggested that these environmental parameters are also fundamental in determining lightning location.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 5713-572
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