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  • 1
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    Stratospheric aerosols and climatic change (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effect of stratospheric aerosols on climate is considered using an aerosol model and a radiative convective 1-D climate model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 159-163
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  • 2
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    Stratospheric aerosol modification by supersonic transport and space shuttle operations - Climate implications (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The potential effects on stratospheric aerosols of supersonic transport emissions of sulfur dioxide gas and submicron soot granules, and space shuttle rocket emissions of aluminum oxide particulates are estimated. An interactive particle-gas model of the stratospheric aerosol layer is used to calculate changes due to exhaust emissions, and an accurate radiation transport model is employed to compute the effect of aerosol changes on the earth's average surface temperature. It is concluded that the release of large numbers of small particles (soot or aluminum oxide) into the stratosphere should not lead to a corresponding significant increase in the concentration of large, optically active aerosols, but that the increase in large particles is severely limited by the total mass of sulfate available to make large particles in situ, and by the rapid loss of small seed particles via coagulation. We find that a fleet of several hundred advanced supersonic aircraft operating daily at 20 km, or the launch of one space shuttle rocket per week, could produce roughly a 20% increase in the large-particle concentration of the stratosphere. We find, in addition, that aerosol increases of this magnitude would reduce the global surface temperature by less than 0.01 K.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Jan. 198
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  • 3
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    The effect of volcanic activity on climate (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Radiative transfer calculations of the global energy balance were performed to estimate the change in mean surface temperature that results from the addition of volcanic aerosols to the stratosphere. Results of the calculations are consistent with stratospheric warming observed in the last few months following the eruption of Mt. Agung and the average surface temperature decrease found for the two year period following major volcanic explosions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Long-term Climatic Fluctuations; p 279-285
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  • 4
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    Atmospheric aerosols and climate (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The impact of terrestrial aerosols on the earth's climate and solar and infrared radiation budget are considered. Attention is given to the optical properties of aerosols, that is, optical depth, the single scattering albedo, and the asymmetry parameter, and to the relation between the optical depth and surface temperature for tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols. Also considered are experimental projects to determine the single scattering albedo, as well as the optical properties of natural aerosols such as sea salt, soil, and sulfates, and their variability. In addition, the impact of volcanic activity and the question of whether aerosols cause climatic warming or cooling are discussed, and the available observational evidence linking aerosols and climate is reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Scientist; 68; May-June
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  • 5
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    Application of a coupled aerosol formation: Radiative transfer model to climatic studies of aerosols (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A sophisticated one dimensional physical-chemical model of the formation and evolution of stratospheric aerosols was used to predict the size and number concentration of the stratospheric aerosols as functions of time and altitude following: a large volcanic eruption; increased addition of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) or sulfur dioxide (SO2) to the troposphere; increased supersonic aircraft (SST) flights in the stratosphere; and, large numbers of space shuttle (SS) flights through the stratosphere. A radiative-convective one dimensional climate sensitivity study, using the results of the aerosol formation model, was performed to assess the ground level climatic significance of these perturbations to the stratospheric aerosol layer. Volcanic eruptions and large OCS or SO2 increases could cause significant climatic changes. Currently projected SS launches and moderate fleets of SST's are unlikely to upset the stratospheric aerosol layer enough to significantly impact climate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 253-257
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  • 6
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    Stratospheric aerosol modification by supersonic transport operations with climate implications (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The potential effects on stratospheric aerosois of supersonic transport emissions of sulfur dioxide gas and submicron size soot granules are estimated. An interactive particle-gas model of the stratospheric aerosol is used to compute particle changes due to exhaust emissions, and an accurate radiation transport model is used to compute the attendant surface temperature changes. It is shown that a fleet of several hundred supersonic aircraft, operating daily at 20 km, could produce about a 20% increase in the concentration of large particles in the stratosphere. Aerosol increases of this magnitude would reduce the global surface temperature by less than 0.01 K.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-RP-1058 , A-7938
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    A global average model of atmospheric aerosols for radiative transfer calculations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A global average model is proposed for the size distribution, chemical composition, and optical thickness of stratospheric and tropospheric aerosols. This aerosol model is designed to specify the input parameters to global average radiative transfer calculations which assume the atmosphere is horizontally homogeneous. The model subdivides the atmosphere at multiples of 3 km, where the surface layer extends from the ground to 3 km, the upper troposphere from 3 to 12 km, and the stratosphere from 12 to 45 km. A list of assumptions made in construction of the model is presented and discussed along with major model uncertainties. The stratospheric aerosol is modeled as a liquid mixture of 75% H2SO4 and 25% H2O, while the tropospheric aerosol consists of 60% sulfate and 40% soil particles above 3 km and of 50% sulfate, 35% soil particles, and 15% sea salt below 3 km. Implications and consistency of the model are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Mar. 197
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  • 8
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    Climatic change on Mars and Earth (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Work on climatic changes of Mars is reviewed and related to terrestrial problems. In particular the dust storms of Mars are discussed since these represent the only global climatic change which has been scientifically observed. The channels of Mars have provoked studies of climatic change and these are summarized together with polar laminae as a climatic change indicator.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Long-term Climatic Fluctuations; p 495-503
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  • 9
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    The influence of solar UV variations on climate (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The effects on the terrestrial ozone abundance and temperature (and hence on the earth's climate) of periodic variations in the solar spectrum are investigated. Temporal variations of the solar UV spectrum are modeled in accordance with the measurements of Heath and Thekaekara (1977), and the spectrum at wavelengths greater than 2900 A is altered uniformly by small amounts so that the total luminosity remains constant with time. One-dimensional photochemical-radiative-convective models are used to predict the response of the earth's surface to the solar spectral changes. Results show that the data interpreted by Heath and Thekaekara to indicate that the solar UV flux varies by a factor of 2.5 at 1750 A from solar minimum to solar maximum are inconsistent with the historical records of ozone abundance. It is concluded, however, that if the amplitude of solar UV variations increases with increasing period, and if the spectral characteristics variations are similar to the well established solar UV variations over a solar rotation period, these variations could have a significant impact on the earth's climate and the biosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on The ancient sun: Fossil record in the earth, moon and meteorites; Oct 16, 1979 - Oct 19, 1979; Boulder, CO
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    The optical constants of several atmospheric aerosol species - Ammonium sulfate, aluminum oxide, and sodium chloride (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An investigation is conducted of problems which are related to a use of measured optical constants in the simulation of the optical constants of real atmospheric aerosols. The techniques of measuring optical constants are discussed, taking into account transmission measurements through homogeneous and inhomogeneous materials, the immersion of a material in a liquid of a known refractive index, the consideration of the minimum deviation angle of prism measurement, the interference of multiply reflected light, reflectivity measurements, and aspects of mathematical analysis. Graphs show the real and the imaginary part of the refractive index as a function of wavelength for aluminum oxide, NaCl, and ammonium sulfate. Tables are provided for the dispersion parameters and the optical constants.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Nov. 20
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