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  • 1
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    Rapid evolution of a jet streak circulation in a pre-convective environment (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis of the April 10, 1979 Red River Valley severe weather outbreak, using a three-hourly rawinsonde network, indicates that the preconvection environment is influenced by upper-level and lower-level tropospheric jet streaks (ULJs and LLJs) that act to destabilize the atmosphere, and contribute to low-level heat and moisture transports and convergence that act to initiate the storm system. Transformation of an indirect circulation noted within the exit region of the ULJ at 1200 and 1500 GMT is observed within a six-hour period. Dramatic changes are found in the jet streak circulations over a short period of time as the system deviates from that approximated by the geostrophic momentum approximation, and these deviations suggest that adjustments asssociated with ULJs in this case could not be resolved using a simplified two-dimensional approach.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (ISSN 0177-7971); 35; 3, 19
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  • 2
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    A report on the upper-level wind conditions preceding and during the Shuttle Challenger (STS 51L) explosion (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The prelaunch, launch, and postlaunch synoptic-scale weather conditions on January 28, 1986 are described. Particular consideration is given to upper-level jet streams, vertical wind shear, and the possible effect of shear-induced turbulence on Cape Canaveral at the time of the Shuttle launch. General data revealing the relations between wind shear and turbulence and jet streams are discussed. The NWS operational and surface radiosonde data, visible and IR GOES imagery, and total ozone data obtained from TOMS on Nimbus-7 are analyzed. Numerical simulations of the weather conditions were conducted. The simulations and observational data are compared, and the data reveal the juxtaposition of two distinct jet-stream systems (a polar front jet and a subtropical jet) over north-central Florida the morning of the launch. Recommendations for improving the observing system at Cape Canaveral are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 67; 1248-126
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  • 3
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    A VAS-numerical model impact study using the Gal-Chen variational approach (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical study based on the use of a variational assimilation technique of Gal-Chen (1983, 1986) was conducted to assess the impact of incorporating temperature data from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) into a regional-scale numerical model. A comparison with the results of a control forecast using only conventional data indicated that the assimilation technique successfully combines actual VAS temperature observations with the dynamically balanced model fields without destabilizing the model during the assimilation cycle. Moreover, increasing the temporal frequency of VAS temperature insertions during the assimilation cycle was shown to enhance the impact on the model forecast through successively longer forecast periods. The incorporation of a nudging technique, whereby the model temperature field is constrained toward the VAS 'updated' values during the assimilation cycle, further enhances the impact of the VAS temperature data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 1009-103
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  • 4
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    The use of a simple, isentropic prediction model to forecast convective destabilization using VAS moisture imagery (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 5
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    The sensitivity of a mesoscale forecast model to detailed three-dimensional isentropic initial analyses and varied vertical model resolution (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 6
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    Assessment of VAS soundings in the analysis of a preconvective environment (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The ability of geosynchronous satellite soundings to analyze a preconvective environment is studied. VAS data of temperature, dewpoint, equivalent potential temperature, precipitation, and lifted index from the central U.S. on July 13, 1981 are derived with 30 km resolution at three hour intervals. It is observed that the VAS retrievals identify mesoscale regions with convective instability, and significant spatial gradients and temporal changes in the thermal and moisture fields are detected. The presence of small clouds degrades the VAS data; however, the study reveals that VAS soundings produce high-resolution spatial and temporal measurements of potential thunderstorm regions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 114; 62-87
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  • 7
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    Synergistic interactions between an upper-level jet streak and diabatic processes that influence the development of a low-level jet and a secondary coastal cyclone (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A series of numerical simulations of the February 1979 Presidents Day cyclone is presented. The development of the low-level jet (LLJ) associated with the cyclone is described, and the mesoscale numerical model, initial analyses, and experimental design used in the study are discussed. Four numerical simulations are discussed and compared, including an adiabatic simulation that isolates the development of upper-level divergence along the axis of a subtropical jet streak and three other simulations that reveal the contributions of sensible and latent heat release in modifying lower-tropospheric wind fields and reducing the sea-level pressure. The formation of the LLJ is described through an evaluation of trajectories derived from the various model simulations. The effect of the LLJ on secondary cyclogenesis along the East Coast is described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 2227-226
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  • 8
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    An evaluation of various forms of VAS retrievals in the analysis of a preconvective environment (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) radiance data obtained over the continental United States on July 20, 1981 are used to evaluate a variety of VAS retrieval procedures and parameters in the qualitative analysis and forecasting of severe weather events. The particular case analyzed contains two significantly different mesoscale convective events in the central plains. Retrievals of temperature, dewpoint temperature, equivalent potential temperature, total column precipitable water, and lifted index are shown to be physically consistent in space and time and to compare well with available radiosonde data. The analysis of the VAS retrievals identified significant spatial gradients and temporal changes in the thermal and moisture fields, including times and locations between radiosonde observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (ISSN 0177-7971); 37; 2, 19
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  • 9
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    Delineating mid- and low-level water vapor patterns in pre-convective environments using VAS moisture channels (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Infrared and visible imagery from VAS are used to delineate mid- and lower-tropospheric moisture fields for a variety of severe storm cases in the southern and central United States. The ability of sequences of images to isolate areas of large negative vertical moisture gradients and apparent convective instability prior to the onset of convective storms is assessed. A variety of image combination procedures are used to deduce the stability fields which are then compared with the available radiosonde data. The results for several severe storm cases indicate that VAS can detect mid- and low-level mesoscale water vapor fields as distinct radiometric signals. The VAS imagery shows a strong tendency for thunderstorms to develop along the edges of bands of midlevel dryness as they overtake either preexisting or developing low-level moisture maxima. Image sequences depict the speed with which deep moist and dry layers can develop and move.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 2178-219
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  • 10
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    Use of the VAS for analysis of a prethunderstorm environment (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The information content of the VAS radiances can be converted to meteorological parameters useful for analyzing a severe weather environment. The method by which the VAS variances are converted to vertical profiles of temperature, dewpoints, and equivalent potential temperature involves a basic regression technique using the most local radiosonde data available for establishing a correlation matrix. The results indicate that mesoscale features apparent within images of the radiances can be converted to usable temperature and moisture fields using regression when surface temperature and dewpoint observations are included within the total data base. In addition, results indicate that surface data are very important for better defining lower tropospheric structure that the VAS radiances alone cannot properly resolve. Analyses of these retrievals distinctly show mesoscale structure in the temperature and moisture fields derived with VAS radiances collected every 3 hours, and 0000 GMT. The retrievals capture the moisture structure. More important, convective instability is clearly detected immediately before the onset of convection. The results indicate that the VAS is capable of providing valuable mesoscale information suitable for analyzing a preconvective environment that is generally clear.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 9
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