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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (13)
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  • 1
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    Longwave radiation effects of the Harmattan haze (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Infrared in situ radiance observations at 8.0 to 14 microns and 9.5 to 11.5 microns of the West African Harmattan haze during the 1974 Global Atmospheric Research Project Atlantic Tropical Experiment field phase made possible the determination of some of the radiative properties of this tropospheric phenomenon. This in turn permitted development of a simple calculation model for radiative transfer through the haze. Radiometric observations of the dust haze, reaching from 600 m to 6.25 km, were analyzed for haze IR transmission. A transfer model incorporating these transmission properties gave an average calculated IR cooling rate of 0.09 C/h for the entire haze layer as compared to a haze-free cloudless-troposphere cooling rate of 0.06 C/h for the same levels. The haze volume-absorption coefficient was approximately 0.042/km for layers of all depths. This uniformity of the haze transmission was further evident in the direct correlation of its transmission and optical depth.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Aug. 20
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Infrared radiation budget of the Harmattan haze (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Infrared in situ observations of the West African Harmaltan Haze during the 1974 GATE field phase were conducted to determine the radiative properties of the tropospheric phenomenon and to develop a calculation model for radiative transfer through the haze. Radiometric observations of the dust haze were analyzed for haze infrared transmission. Infrared and tropospheric cooling rates are given together with the haze volume absorption rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Prelim. Sci. Results of the GARP Atlantic Trop. Expt., Vol. 2; p 299-323
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Clear air turbulence - Detection by infrared observations of water vapor (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: 'Forward-looking' infrared measurements of water vapor from the C-141A Kuiper Airborne Observatory of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center show large, distinctly identifiable, signal anomalies from 4 to 10 minutes in advance of subsequent encounters with clear air turbulence (CAT). These anomalies are characteristically different from the signals not followed by CAT encounters. Results of airborne field trials in which the infrared radiometer was used indicate that, out of 51 situations, 80 percent were CAT alerts followed by CAT encounters, 12 percent were 'false alarms' (CAT alerts not followed by CAT encounters), and 8 percent were CAT encounters not preceded by an infrared signal anomaly or CAT alert.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Science; 196; June 3
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Stratospheric areal distribution of water vapor burden and the jet stream (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Radiometrically inferred areal observations of the atmospheric water vapor burden have been made in the 270 to 520 per cm spectral band over western U.S. and the extreme eastern Pacific from the NASA C-141 Kuiper Airborne Observatory. Before this, very few observations from the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over such a broad area have been made. A total of 30,600 individual observations from eight separate synoptic situations involving eight jet maxima were computer-averaged over 2-deg latitude x 2-deg longitude boxes and related to the polar continental jet. Mean water vapor burdens ranged from 0.00046 to 0.00143 g per sq cm at 13.4 km with a striking peak just north of the jet wind maximum over a region of strong upward vertical motion.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Sept
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  • 5
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    U-2 water vapor burden observations through the tropopause (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A U-2 aircraft provided a platform for an infrared radiometer inferring water vapor burdens associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Flight altitudes were 16 to 23 km. The radiometer system, coupled with an algorithm to produce an inverse solution of the radiative transfer equation, resulted in an rms error of 20 percent in the inferred water vapor burden. A unique, bivariate solution including radiance and vertical temperature profiles produced an essentially real-time solution for the water vapor burden. Results of the July 1977 missions over the Canal Zone region between latitudes 7.5 degrees N and 11.0 degrees N are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 145-152
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  • 6
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    Airborne operation of an infrared low-level wind shear prediction system (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously cited in issue 06, p. 921, Accession no. A82-17810)
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 7
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    An atmospheric radiative-convective model with interactive water vapor transport and cloud development (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus; 33; Aug. 198
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Broad band airborne water vapor radiometry (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An infrared radiometer with a pass band of 280 to 520/cm (35.7 to 19.2 microns) is employed on the NASA Ames Research Center U-2 and C-141A aircraft in the measurement of water vapor burden in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. Coincidentally with altitude changes the water vapor mass mixing ratio is also inferred by observing the change in optical depth over a known vertical distance. Data from the December 1980 U-2 Water Vapor Exchange Experiment over the Panama Canal Zone add to the concept that overshooting cumulonimbus towers 'moisten' the lower stratosphere. The average mass mixing ratio in close proximity to or above such towers ranges from 3.5 to 5.0 parts per million above 18 km while the average background mass mixing ratio is only 2.9 parts per million. Generally the lowest background mixing ratios, averaging 2.6 parts per million occurred in the 18 to 21 km layer. For the same levels background Panama mass mixing ratios averaged from 1.0 to 3.0 parts per million higher than in middle latitudes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; June 198
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  • 9
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    Comparison of radiative-convective models with constant and pressure-dependent lapse rates (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: One of the most commonly used models for studying climatic processes is the convective adjustment radiation model. In current radiation models, stable temperature profiles are maintained with a convective adjustment in which the temperature lapse rate is set equal to a critical lapse rate whenever the computed lapse rates exceed the critical value. First introduced by Manabe and Strickler (1964), a variety of convective adjustment models are now in use. It is pointed out that on a global scale, moist adiabatic processes, and thus moist adiabatic lapse rates, approximate the atmospheric temperature profile. Comparisons of profiles from a one-dimensional-radiative-convective model have been made using the conventional 6.5 K/km as the critical lapse rate and the pressure-dependent moist adiabatic lapse rates. For a clear sky and a single effective cloud the surface temperatures are 1 to 3 K higher with the constant 6.5 K/km critical lapse rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus; 33; June 198
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  • 10
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    Airborne operation of an infrared low-level wind shear prediction system (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Airborne testing under simulated and actual low-level wind shear conditions is underway on a NASA-Ames Learjet. An infrared CO2 band radiometer with a forward 'look distance' of 5 to 8 kilometers measures the air temperature weighted to this range ahead of the approach configured aircraft. Shear alerts occur when the difference between the forward temperature and static air temperature at the aircraft exceed a set value or when a perturbation occurs in the normally constant potential temperature. Aircraft approaches into thunderstorm downburst phenomena were simulated by approaches into cool estuarine air adjacent to much warmer air over land and by actual light wind shear conditions at Travis Air Force Base. Conditions were verified by the radiometer system with extensive on-board data acquisition.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 82-0153 , Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 11, 1982 - Jan 14, 1982; Orlando, FL
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