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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (44)
  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration  (12)
  • 1
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    Meteorological satellites -- the very early years, prior to launch of TIROS-1 (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The meteorological satellite program began in the United States as the result of the actions taken by a very small but dedicated group of people from the late 1940s to 1960. This paper provides firsthand accounts by two of these dedicated individuals. Their remarks provide an insight into the trials and tribulations they and the program encountered during these very early years. Those now active in the program, many of whom do not recall this time, might appreciate the effort of these pioneers and the legacy they left for us.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 75; 12; p. 2295-2302
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  • 2
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    Analysis of lightning flash videos from the Space Shuttle using blob and morphological techniques (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Flash rates measured from the Space Shuttle range from 27.8 flashes per minute to 77 flashes per minute. The cloud is an optically thick medium which effectively scatters the energy from a lightning discharge and thereby broadens the risetime and duration of each lightning pulse. Because of the small size, spacecraft sensors with resolutions of 1 km or more are unlikely to detect the individual lightning channels. Instead, the energy from the lightning channel is scattered within the cloud, thereby broadening the apparent area. All of these measurements of lightning flash area and flash rate have involved manual manipulation and analysis of the video or film data. Only a small percentage of the Space Shuttle lightning video has been analyzed. An attempt is made to combine the use of real-time digital disk system and an automated analysis routine in order to overcome this limitation and make processing of a sequence of video frames a much less labor-intensive task.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 1556-1558.
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  • 3
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    Overview of the Mars Pathfinder mission and assessment of landing site predictions (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Chemical analyses returned by Mars Pathfinder indicate that some rocks may be high in silica, implying differentiated parent materials. Rounded pebbles and cobbles and a possible conglomerate suggest fluvial processes that imply liquid water in equilibrium with the atmosphere and thus a warmer and wetter past. The moment of inertia indicates a central metallic core of 1300 to 2000 kilometers in radius. Composite airborne dust particles appear magnetized by freeze-dried maghemite stain or cement that may have been leached from crustal materials by an active hydrologic cycle. Remote-sensing data at a scale of generally greater than approximately 1 kilometer and an Earth analog correctly predicted a rocky plain safe for landing and roving with a variety of rocks deposited by catastrophic floods that are relatively dust-free.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); Volume 278; 5344; 1743-8
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  • 4
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    Coherent laser radar: Current European systems (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Coherent laser radar systems at 10 micrometers have been studied in Europe for well over a decade. In the past few years, the level of activity has increased rapidly and work is now in progress on systems and components at a large number of research institutions and industrial firms. Some of the organizations have had specific involvement with wind and aerosol measuring lidars, while others are largely concerned with components. Some of the particular European strong points are reviewed in device physics and technology. In addition to wind measurement systems, much work has been done on other applications of coherent laser radar including ranging, imaging, and coherent DIAL studies. Some of these other applications are also outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Proceedings of the NASA Symposium on Global Wind Measurements; p 171-179
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  • 5
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    Space shuttle/mesoscale lightning experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A payload integration plan (PIP) is now being developed with Johnson Space Center integration personnel which covers management, structural thermal, electrical power/avionics, training, ground operations, safety requirements, etc., in support of this experiment. If a Shuttle flight can be identified, researchers hope to conduct the experiment in the late summer or fall of 1985. Some preliminary TV lightning data has been collected by Shuttle crews on 41D and 51D and researchers are doing an analysis of it. Additional flights will be conducted to obtain data on Mesoscale Lightning Observations. Researchers will continue to study how to improve the data collection using the onboard TV cameras. By more interaction with the crews who have used the TV camera to obtain TV of lightning, they are planning to optimize the crew time and have better TV camera operations management to produce more useful data. As the crews are better trained in the use of the gain control settings and/or camera iris operations, the quality of the TV data will be improved.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 1 p
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  • 6
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    Aeronautical concerns and National Aeronautics and Space Administration atmospheric electricity projects (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The phenomenology of lightning and lightning measurement techniques are briefly examined with a particular reference to aeronautics. Developments made in airborne and satellite detection methods are reported. NASA research efforts are outlined which cover topics including in-situ measurements, design factors and protection, remote optical and radio frequency measurements, and space vehicle design.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 140-160
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  • 7
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    Wind field measurement in the nonprecipitous regions surrounding storms by an airborne pulsed Doppler lidar system, appendix A (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Coherent Doppler lidar appears to hold great promise in contributing to the basic store of knowledge concerning flow field characteristics in the nonprecipitous regions surrounding severe storms. The Doppler lidar, through its ability to measure clear air returns, augments the conventional Doppler radar system, which is most useful in the precipitous regions of the storm. A brief description of the Doppler lidar severe storm measurement system is provided along with the technique to be used in performing the flow field measurements. The application of the lidar is addressed, and the planned measurement program is outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 31-39
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  • 8
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    Observations of lightning in the stratosphere (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An examination and analysis of video images of lightning, captured by the payload bay TV cameras of the space shuttle, provided a variety of examples of lightning in the stratosphere above thunderstorms. These images were obtained on several recent shuttle flights while conducting the Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE). The images of stratospheric lightning illustrate the variety of filamentary and broad vertical discharges in the stratosphere that may accompany a lightning flash. A typical event is imaged as a single or multiple filament extending 30 to 40 km above a thunderstorm that is illuminated by a series of lightning strokes. Examples are found in temperate and tropical areas, over the oceans, and over the land.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 100; D1; p. 1465-1475
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  • 9
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    Lightning flash mensuration using video from the Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-32) (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Using the payload bay television cameras from various Space Shuttle missions, a study was performed to investigate the relationship between the size and duration of lightning flashes, though separated by 1-100 km, that appeared to be flashing in synchronization. The area, duration, and rate of propagation of the lightning in these storms was also studied. By employing the analytical methods described, the use of deinterlaced video of lightning observed from STS-32 provides the highest sampling rate ever utilized for this purpose from space (1 image each 16.7 m/sec).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geocarto International (ISSN 1010-6049); 6; 61-68
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  • 10
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    Nocturnal photographs taken from a U-2 airplane looking down on tops of clouds illuminated by lightning (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 70; 1263-127
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