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  • 1
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    An analysis of the Antarctic Halogen Occultation Experiment trace gas observations (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Analysis of the version 16 Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) CH4 data shows that this long-lived trace gas is well correlated with potential vorticity (PV) computed from National Meteorological Center balanced winds. Analyzing late September and October 1992 data, we show that very low CH4 values are confined to the interior of a vortex edge defined by the maximum gradient in PV. The CH4 and HF time tendency is used to estimate the descent rate in the Antarctic vortex. After removing a component of the trend correlated with the HALOE sampling pattern, we compute the lower stratosphere vertical descent rates and net heaing rates in the spring Antarctic vortex. Our computations of the spring Antarctic vortex heating rates give -0.5 to -0.1 K/day. Over the winter season, the overall lower stratospheric descent rate averages about 1.8-1.5 km/month. These computations are in line with radiative transfer estimates of the heating and descent rate. The HALOE data thus appear to be consistent with the picture of an isolated lower stratospheric Antarctic vortex.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 100; D3; p. 5159-5172
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  • 2
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    The structure of the polar vortex (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The paper develops a comparative picture of the 1987 Southern Hemisphere and 1989 Northern Hemisphere lower stratospheric, polar vortex circulation and constituent distributions as observed by the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, August 17-September 22, 1987, and Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition, January 3-February 19, 1989 aircraft campaigns. Overall, both polar vortices define a region of highly isolated air, where the exchange of trace gases occurs principally at the vortex edge through erosional wave activity. Aircraft measurement showed that between 50 and 100 mbar, horizontally stratified long-lived tracers such as N2O are displaced downward 2-3 km on the cyclonic (poleward) side of the jet with the meridional tracer gradient sharpest at the jet core. Eddy mixing rates, computed using parcel ensemble statistics, are an order of magnitude or more lower on the cyclonic side of the jet compared to those on the anticyclonic side. Poleward zonal mean meridional flow on the anticyclonic side of the jet terminates in a descent zone at the jet core.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D8, M
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  • 3
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    Radiative effects of polar stratospheric clouds during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment and the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented of a study of the radiative effects of polar stratospheric clouds during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (AAOE) and the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (AASE) in which daily 3D Type I nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) and Type II water ice polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) were generated in the polar regions during AAOE and the AASE aircraft missions. Mission data on particular composition and size, together with NMC-analyzed temperatures, are used. For AAOE, both Type I and Type II clouds were formed for the time period August 23 to September 17, after which only Type I clouds formed. During AASE, while Type I clouds were formed for each day between January 3 and February 10, Type II clouds formed on only two days, January 24 and 31. Mie theory and a radiative transfer model are used to compute the radiative heating rates during the mission periods, for clear and cloudy lower sky cases. Only the Type II water ice clouds have a significant radiative effect, with the Type I NATO PSCs generating a net heating or cooling of 0.1 K/d or less.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D8, M
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  • 4
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    The minor stratospheric warming of January 1989 - Results from STRATAN, a stratospheric-tropospheric data assimilation system (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Using a stratospheric-tropospheric data assimilation system, referred to as STRATAN, a minor sudden stratospheric warming that occurred in January 1989 is investigated. The event had a maximum influence on the stratospheric circulation near 2 hPa. The zonal mean circulation reversed briefly in the polar region as the temperature increased 34 K in 3 days. The cause of the warming is shown to be the rapid development and subsequent movement of a warm anomaly, which initially developed in the midlatitudes. The development of the warm anomaly is caused by adiabatic descent, and the dissipation by radiative cooling. A brief comparison with the NMC analysis and temperature sounding data is also presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 120; 221-229
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  • 5
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    A simple parameterization of ozone infrared absorption for atmospheric heating rate calculations (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple parameterization of ozone absorption in the 9.6-micron region which is suitable for two- and three-dimensional stratospheric and tropospheric models is presented. The band is divided into two parts, a brand center region and a band wing region, grouping together regions for which the temperature dependence of absorption is similar. Each of the two regions is modeled with a function having the form of the Goody random model, with pressure and temperature dependent band parameters chosen by empirically fitting line-by-line equivalent widths for pressures between 0.25 and 1000 mbar and ozone absorber amounts between 1.0 x 10 to the -7th and 1.0 cm atm. The model has been applied to calculations of atmospheric heating rates using an absorber amount weighted mean pressure and temperature along the inhomogeneous paths necessary for flux computations. In the stratosphere, maximum errors in the heating rates relative to line-by-line calculations are 0.1 K/d, or 5 percent of the peak cooling at the stratopause. In the troposphere the errors are at most 0.005 K/d.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 9065-907
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  • 6
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    A computation of the stratospheric diabatic circulation using an accurate radiative transfer model (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The global diabatic circulation is computed for the months of January, April, July and October over the altitude region 100 to 0.1 mb using an accurate troposphere-stratosphere radiative transfer model, SBUV and SME ozone data, and NMC temperatures. There is high correlation between the level of wave activity and the local departure of the atmosphere from radiative equilibrium. An excess in the globally averaged net stratospheric heating from 40 to 50 km is computed for all months, and a deficit from 50 to 60 km is computed during solstice. A 20 percent uniform reduction in ozone from 40 to 50 km, or a temperature perturbation with an increase of 5 K at 1 mb, will bring the atmosphere into global radiative equilibrium without significant impact on the diabatic circulation. In the transitional months of April and October, the net heating in the fall hemispheres are very similar, while substantial differences exist between the spring hemispheres.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 859-876
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  • 7
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    On the sensitivity of a residual circulation model to differences in input temperature data (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The residual mean circulation (RMC) formulation of zonally averaged transport in the middle atmosphere produces a circulation which depends on the distributions of net diabatic heating and temperature. Such circulations are from two temperature data sets, using the same radiative transfer code (Rosenfield et al. 1987). These circulations are then used to transport N2O in a photochemical model. The circulations and the resulting N2O distributions are notably different during the Northern Hemisphere winter, with that based on the NMC temperatures producing too much upward transport in the tropical stratosphere, as judged by comparison with the stratospheric and mesoscale sounder data. The experiment demonstrates that model calculations, in general, and perturbation assessments, in particular, are likely to be quite sensitive to the choice of input temperature data (where this is not computed self-consistently). It also reveals what appears to be a seasonally dependent bias in NMC zonally averaged temperatures with respect to those obtained from the LIMS instrument during 1978/1979.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 873-882
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  • 8
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    Tracer evolution in winds generated by a global spectral mechanistic model (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The lower boundary of a spectral mechanistic model is prescribed with 100 hPa geopotentials, and its performance during a November 1989 through March 1990 integration is compared with National Meteorological Center observations. Although the stratopause temperatures quickly become biased near the pole in both hemispheres, the model develops a residual mean circulation which shows significant descent over the winter pole and ascent in the tropics and over the summer pole at pressures less than 10 hPa. The daily correspondence of observed to modeled features in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere degrades after one month. However, the long-term variability qualitatively follows the observations. The results of off-line transport experiments are also described. A passive tracer is instantaneously injected into the flow over the poles and evolves in a manner which is consistent with the residual mean circulation. It demonstrates a significant cross-equatorial flux in the mesosphere near solstice, and air which originates in the southern hemisphere polar mesosphere can be found descending deep into the nothern polar stratosphere at the end of the integration. Nitrous oxide is also transported, and its ability to act as a dynamical tracer is evaluated by comparison to the evolution of the passive tracer.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; D3; p. 5399-5420
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  • 9
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    The GLAS physical inversion method for analysis of TIROS N data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences approach to temperature sounding from satellite observations is fundamentally different from that of NESS in that heavy reliance is placed on the ability to model accurately the instrumental response to atmospheric and surface conditions, while no use is made of statistical relationships between satellite observations and atmospheric temperature profiles. The method involves starting with a guess set of atmospheric and surface conditions from which expected brightness temperatures for the satellite observations are computed. Then, iterative relaxation of atmospheric and surface conditions is performed according to the difference between observed and computed brightness temperatures until sufficient agreement is reached. In the absence of sufficient agreement, no retrieval is produced for that location.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 41-55
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  • 10
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    Comparison of observed and computed brightness temperatures for the HIRS2 and MSU sounders on TIROS-N (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Given the radiosonde temperature and humidity profile, brightness temperatures for the temperature sounding IR channels on HIRS 2 were calculated. The temperature profile was interpolated to 53 levels between 1000 and 30 mb assuming temperature to be linear in the logarithm of the pressure between the mandatory levels. The 11 levels above 30 mb were extrapolated according to climatology. The surface was taken to be the climatological sea surface temperature. The specific humidity was interpolated between mandatory levels assuming a p(n) dependence. A specific humidity corresponding to a climatological water vapor mixing ratio of 2 ppmv was assumed at and above 100 mb. Zonally averaged climatological ozone profiles were used to compute the ozone component of the transmittance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 61-67
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