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  • GEOPHYSICS  (7)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (4)
  • Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance
  • 1980-1984  (11)
  • 1
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    Analysis of cloud characteristics derived from archived satellite data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with the differing scientific user community requirements for cloud data and the nature of archived satellite data. It is concluded that information on cloud characteristics and cloud cover is of the utmost importance for at least three scientific research areas, viz. numerical weather forecasting, environmental remote sensing, and climatic monitoring and modelling. However, these three user groups require information at different levels of temporal and spatial resolution, and the nature of the comparison between surface and satellite assessment of cloud cover differs among the three groups. Taking into account the diverse requirements of the scientific community and difficulty of a mutually agreed definition of the cloud parameters, a number of recommendations are made. It is suggested that radiance data, not cloud data, should be archived directly from satellite observations, and that the highest spatial and temporal resolutions available should be retained in the archive.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 4; Jan
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  • 2
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    A preliminary global oceanic cloud climatology from satellite albedo observations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A predictive relationship is developed between over-ocean cloud system albedo and the cloud amount present, using as a data base ERB satellite microwave readings at 0.5-0.7 micron and the USAF three-dimensional nephanalysis archive. The ERB data provided global coverage at a resolution of 2.5 x 2.5 deg during the 1974-78 period. Regression analyses were performed on the amounts and albedos for several years of data for one month in order to detect seasonal variations. A logarithmic relationship was found between the cloud system albedo and cloud amount over the oceans, with negligible seasonal variance. The analysis is noted to apply only where low surface albedos are encountered, and further work to extend the study to continental vegetated areas is indicated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 88; Feb. 20
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  • 3
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    Theory of hydromagnetic waves in the magnetosphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A survey of theoretical and experimental research on the origin and characteristics of low-frequency hydromagnetic (HM) waves in the magnetosphere is presented, with a focus on advances in theory made in the last ten years. Basic wave theory and a collisionless plasma theory are applied to the magnetosphere as a HM system. Continuous energy sources are considered, such as the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, the ring-current plasma, and drift instabilities. Other topics discussed include the theory of inhomogeneous HM waves, signal behavior in atmosphere and ionosphere, Alfven waves and ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling, Pi2 signals, damping, pulsating aurora, heavy-ion scattering, and standing waves in high-speed flows (like the wake phenomena caused on Jupiter by the passing of Io, observed by Voyager 1).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 35; Aug. 198
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  • 4
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    Standing hydromagnetic waves observed by ISEE 1 and 2 - Radial extent and harmonic (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Direct measurements of the spatial extent of the resonant hydromagnetic waves associated with Pc 4 and 5 magnetic pulsations made by the closely spaced ISEE 1 and 2 satellites are presented together with ISEE 1 determinations of the harmonic of the resonant waves. The use of two satellites in similar orbits, which makes it possible to distinguish between spatial and temporal features, has shown the resonant region widths to extend over about 0.2 to 1.6 L shells for three events detected on the dayside between L = 4 and L = 7. The two events for which plasma density data was available occurred at plasma density gradients in the vicinity of the plasmapause. The standing wave harmonic was determined by the combination of two techniques: the comparison of the observed wave period with that predicted by standing wave theory, and the comparison of the phases of the observed wave electric and magnetic field. The two events analyzed are found to be second harmonic oscillations, suggesting internal generation in the magnetosphere by a bounce resonant mechanism.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; May 1
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  • 5
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    System albedo as sensed by satellites - Its definition and variability (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: System albedo, an important climatological and environmental parameter, is considered. Some of the problems and assumptions involved in evaluating albedo from satellite data are discussed. Clear-sky and cloud albedos over the United Kingdom and parts of northwest Europe are treated. Consideration is given to the spectral, temporal, and spatial variations and the effect of averaging. The implications of these results for those using and archiving albedo values and for future monitoring of system albedo are discussed. Normalization is of especial importance since this correction alters many albedo values. The pronounced difference in spectral albedo of the two visible channels reemphasizes the problem of attempting to calculate integrated albedo values from meteorological satellite data. The assumption of isotropic reflection is seen to be invalid, hindering the computation of accurate albedo values.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 3; Jan
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  • 6
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    Cloud cover archiving on a global scale - A discussion of principles (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Monitoring of climatic variability and climate modeling both require a reliable global cloud data set. Examination is made of the temporal and spatial variability of cloudiness in light of recommendations made by GARP in 1975 (and updated by JOC in 1978 and 1980) for cloud data archiving. An examination of the methods of comparing cloud cover frequency curves suggests that the use of the beta distribution not only facilitates objective comparison, but also reduces overall storage requirements. A specific study of the only current global cloud climatology (the U.S. Air Force's 3-dimensional nephanalysis) over the United Kingdom indicates that discussion of methods of validating satellite-based data sets is urgently required.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 62
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  • 7
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    Magnetospheric pulsations observed by ISEE 1 and 2 satellites (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The ISEE 1 and 2 spacecraft studied whether observed amplitude variations in hydromagnetic waves were due to the motion of the spacecraft through a time stationary structure or were due to temporal changes. The data provide evidence for spatially limited standing hydromagnetic wave resonant regions. The standing wave harmonic and Poynting vector were deduced from the simultaneous observations of the wave magnetic and electric field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Achievements of the Intern. Magnetospheric Study (IMS); p 619-623
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  • 8
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    Pulsation research during the IMS (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: After describing the development status of the field of magnetic pulsations in 1975, before the initiation of the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS), attention is given to the IMS's novel observational results and an attempt is made to identify the most effective research methods employed. It is found that the most fruitful work involved small-scale collaboration between a few individuals or a few groups possessing complementary data sets. Consideration is restricted to research on the long period pulsations which can be broadly classified as field line resonances. Recommendations are made for future research efforts.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 9
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    A second harmonic geomagnetic field line resonance at the inner edge of the plasma sheet - GEOS 1, ISEE 1, and ISEE 2 observations (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A description is provided of observations made by GEOS 1, ISEE 1, and ISEE 2 of a hydromagnetic wave with a period approximately 90 s observed near 0200 LT between L = 9 and L = 6, close to the measured inner boundary of the plasma sheet. The wave magnetic oscillations perpendicular to and along the ambient field had similar amplitudes. Using primarily the transverse magnetic components, it is shown that the wave is a second harmonic resonance of the local geomagnetic field lines. ISEE 1 and 2 observed the opposite sense of polarization for about 30 min, although the spacecraft were separated by only 9 min in their orbit; this remarkable feature cannot be explained by either a stationary spatial boundary or a simple temporal boundary but could result from a rapid movement of the resonant region. It is argued that the most likely energy source is bounce resonance with medium energy (approximately 5 keV) ions. Calculations of the wave Poynting vector at ISEE 1 support this conclusion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 2755-276
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  • 10
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    Some analysis on the diurnal variation of rainfall over the Atlantic Ocean (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data collected from the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) was examined. The data were collected from 10,000 grid points arranged as a 100 x 100 array; each grid covered a 4 square km area. The amount of rainfall was measured every 15 minutes during the experiment periods using c-band radars. Two types of analyses were performed on the data: analysis of diurnal variation was done on each of grid points based on the rainfall averages at noon and at midnight, and time series analysis on selected grid points based on the hourly averages of rainfall. Since there are no known distribution model which best describes the rainfall amount, nonparametric methods were used to examine the diurnal variation. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test if the rainfalls at noon and at midnight have the same statistical distribution. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test if the noon rainfall is heavier than, equal to, or lighter than the midnight rainfall. These tests were done on each of the 10,000 grid points at which the data are available.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-164937
    Format: application/pdf
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