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  • 1
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    Nimbus-7 global cloud climatology. I - Algorithms and validation (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An improved version of the Nimbus-7 cloud retrieval algorithm was validated using data from Nimbus-7 Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer to determine cloudiness parameters for the globe. Quantitative validation of total cloud amount was performed by comparing the algorithm results with estimates derived from GOES images and auxiliary meteorological data. The systematic errors of the Nimbus-7 total cloud-amount algorithm, relative to the GOES-derived estimates, were found to be less than 10 percent. The random errors of daily estimates ranged between 7 and 16 percent, day or night.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755); 1; 445-470
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  • 2
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    Angular radiation models for Earth-atmosphere system. Volume 1: Shortwave radiation (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Presented are shortwave angular radiation models which are required for analysis of satellite measurements of Earth radiation, such as those fro the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). The models consist of both bidirectional and directional parameters. The bidirectional parameters are anisotropic function, standard deviation of mean radiance, and shortwave-longwave radiance correlation coefficient. The directional parameters are mean albedo as a function of Sun zenith angle and mean albedo normalized to overhead Sun. Derivation of these models from the Nimbus 7 ERB (Earth Radiation Budget) and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) data sets is described. Tabulated values and computer-generated plots are included for the bidirectional and directional modes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-RP-1184 , L-16414 , NAS 1.61:1184
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Angular radiation models for earth-atmosphere system. Volume 2: Longwave radiation (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The longwave angular radiation models that are required for analysis of satellite measurements of Earth radiation, such as those from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) are presented. The models contain limb-darkening characteristics and mean fluxes. Limb-darkening characteristics are the longwave anisotropic factor and the standard deviation of the longwave radiance. Derivation of these models from the Nimbus 7 ERB (Earth Radiation Budget) data set is described. Tabulated values and computer-generated plots are included for the limb-darkening and mean-flux models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-RP-1184-VOL-2 , L-16503 , NAS 1.61:1184-VOL-2
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  • 4
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    Spatial and temporal characteristics of global cloud cover as observed from the Nimbus-7 satellite (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The spatial and temporal characteristics of the total cloud amount (TCA) were determined on the bases of 2 yr of data collected by Nimbus-7. The instruments used were the 11.5 microns channel of the Temperature Humidity IR radiometer and the 0.38 micron channel of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. Comparisons were made between long-term averages and large variations during the El Nino/Southern Oscillation event of 1982/83. Separate attention was also given to the TCA for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and to TCA averages over specific large-scale global features such as deserts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 5
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    High-latitude filtering in a global grid-point model using model normal modes (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A normal modes expansion technique is applied to perform high latitude filtering in the GLAS fourth order global shallow water model with orography. The maximum permissible time step in the solution code is controlled by the frequency of the fastest propagating mode, which can be a gravity wave. Numerical methods are defined for filtering the data to identify the number of gravity modes to be included in the computations in order to obtain the appropriate zonal wavenumbers. The performances of the model with and without the filter, and with a time tendency and a prognostic field filter are tested with simulations of the Northern Hemisphere winter. The normal modes expansion technique is shown to leave the Rossby modes intact and permit 3-5 day predictions, a range not possible with the other high-latitude filters.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 6
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    Computational modes and the Machenauer N.L.N.M.I. of the GLAS 4th order model (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An attempt was made to use the GLAS global 4th order shallow water equations to perform a Machenhauer nonlinear normal mode initialization (NLNMI) for the external vertical mode. A new algorithm was defined for identifying and filtering out computational modes which affect the convergence of the Machenhauer iterative procedure. The computational modes and zonal waves were linearly initialized and gravitational modes were nonlinearly initialized. The Machenhauer NLNMI was insensitive to the absence of high zonal wave numbers. The effects of the Machenhauer scheme were evaluated by performing 24 hr integrations with nondissipative and dissipative explicit time integration models. The NLNMI was found to be inferior to the Rasch (1984) pseudo-secant technique for obtaining convergence when the time scales of nonlinear forcing were much smaller than the time scales expected from the natural frequency of the mode.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 7
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    Reflectivity of earth's surface and clouds in ultraviolet from satellite observations (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer on board Nimbus 7 is used to infer the UV surface and cloud reflectance at 370 nm. Cloudless surface reflectivity was analyzed on a global basis for all surface types for several months. The UV surface reflectivity varies from 2 percent for some forest and grassland regions to 14 percent for some sandy desert areas. A notable exception is the large salt flats of Bolivia, which have a reflectivity of about 60 percent. Cloud reflectivity was also analyzed for clouds located at three levels in the atmosphere, as determined by the 11.5 micron channel of the Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer. Average cloud reflectivity at 370 nm ranges from 52 percent for low clouds (tops less than 2 km) to 76 percent for high clouds (tops greater than 7 km at the equator, decreasing to greater than 4 km at poles).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4287-429
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  • 8
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    A two-step scheme for the advection equation with minimized dissipation and dispersion errors (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A two-step advection scheme of the Lax-Wendroff type is derived which has accuracy and phase characteristics similar to that of a third-order scheme. The scheme is exactly third-order accurate in time and space for uniform flow. The new scheme is compared with other currently used methods, and is shown to simulate well the advection of localized disturbances with steep gradients. The scheme is derived for constant flow and generalized to two-dimensional nonuniform flow.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 113; 1050-106
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  • 9
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    Development and Testing of the Variable Vertical Resolution Fourth Order GCM (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: The vertical coordinate of the Fourth Order Model has been generalized so that the model can now run with an arbitrary number of vertical layers and so that the thicknesses of these layers can be arbitrarily specified (in the sigma coordinate). This Variable Vertical Resolution (VVR) version of the Fourth Order Model will soon replace the current production model. To assess the skill of the VVR model, it has been run with 9 equally spaced layers and compared with the current production model. In two Northern Hemispheric winter cases and one summer case, the two models were virtually identical in forecast skill for 6 to 7 days. After that the VVR model was slightly better in the winter cases and the production model was slightly better in the summer case. The only exception to this was that after 2 days the production model gave slightly more skillful 500 mb forecasts in the tropics for the summer case.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 55-57
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    A mesoscale numerical forecast of an intense convective snowburst along the East Coast (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Mesoscale numerical forecasts utilizing the Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation System (MASS) are documented for a convective snowburst in the Washington, D.C.-Baltimore, Maryland, region on March 8, 1984 that was associated with secondary cyclogenesis along the East Coast. The forecasts are presented to demonstrate the ability of a mesoscale model to simulate dynamical interactions and diabatic process for a wintertime convective event that was inadequately predicted by local forecasters and to note some of the possible benefits of using mesoscale models for day-to-day forecasting. The results from this and other recent mesoscale modeling studies indicate that three-hourly output of key model fields, when combined with other data sources, can be a valuable aid to forecasters concerned with predicting weather events that are mesoscale in character.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 66; 1412-142
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