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  • 1
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    The evolution of CELSS for lunar bases (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A bioregenerative life support system designed to address the fundamental requirements of a functioning independent lunar base is presented in full. Issues to be discussed are associated with CELSS weight, volume and cost of operation. The fundamental CELSS component is a small, highly automated module containing plants which photosynthesize and provide the crew with food, water and oxygen. Hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide will be initially brought in from earth, recycled and their waste products conserved. As the insufficiency of buffers necessitates stringent cybernetic control, a stable state will be maintained by computer control. Through genetic engineering and carbon dioxide, temperature, and nutrient manipulation, plant productivity can be increased, while the area necessary for growth and illumination energy decreased. In addition, photosynthetic efficiency can be enhanced through lamp design, fiber optics and the use of appropriate wavelengths. Crop maintenance will be performed by robotics, as a means of preventing plant ailments.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
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  • 2
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    The Viking biological investigation - General aspects (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Viking biological investigation has tested four different hypotheses regarding the possible nature of Martian organisms. While significant results were obtained for each of these, tests of three of the hypotheses appear to indicate the absence of biology in the samples used, while the fourth is consistent with a biological interpretation. The original assumptions for each experiment and the experimental procedures that were utilized to test these assumptions are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 30
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  • 3
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    The Viking biological experiments on Mars (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The three biological experiments on board the Viking Mars Landers are discussed. The gas exchange experiment provided periodic measurements of the composition and quantity of gases from Martian surface material, either in a humid or a wet nutrient sampling mode. The labeled release experiment demonstrated that adding an aqueous solution of dilute radioactive compounds to Martian material caused a rapid release of labeled gas. The results of the pyrolytic release experiment remain difficult to interpret. Data from the first two experiments suggest that oxidants (including H2O2 and iron oxide) rather than biota may account for all the observed reactions.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Icarus; 34; June 197
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  • 4
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    General constraints on the Viking biology investigation (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses some of the constraints pertaining to the Viking mission for detection of life on Mars, within which the Viking experiments were conceived, designed, and developed. The most important limitation to the entire study is the complete information about the nature of Mars, such as the chemical composition of the surface material of Mars and the exact identification of the constituents of that planet. Ways in which celestial mechanics places severe limitations on the Viking biology investigation are discussed. Major engineering constraints are examined relative to the accomodation of biology instrument inside the Viking lander and to the design of the instrument itself. Other constraints discussed concern the operational aspects of the mission and the testing program.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Origins of Life; 7; Aug. 197
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  • 5
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    The Viking mission search for life on Mars (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The scientific payload on the Viking Mars landers is described. Shortly after landing, two facsimile cameras capable of stereoscopic imaging will scan the landing site area in black and white, color, and infrared to reveal gross evidence of past or present living systems. A wide range mass spectrometer will record a complete mass spectrum for soil samples from mass 12 to mass 200 every 10.3 sec. Three experiments based on different assumptions on the nature of life on Mars, if it exists, will be carried out by the bio-lab. A pyrolytic release experiment is designed to measure photosynthetic or dark fixation of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into organic compounds. A labelled release experiment will test for metabolic activity during incubation of a surface sample moistened with a solution of radioactively labelled simple organic compounds. A gas exchange experiment will detect changes in the gaseous medium surrounding a soil sample as the result of metabolic activity. The hardware, function, and terrestrial test results of the bio-lab experiments are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 262; July 1
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  • 6
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    Simulation of the Viking biology experiments - An overview (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In the present paper, ground-based investigations of the Viking Martian biology data, which have resulted in reasonable simulations of these data, are reviewed. These simulations, which in strong oxidants, UV-treated materials, iron-containing clays, or iron salts were used as Martian analogs, are capable of explaining the ambiguity between the GCMS (gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry) experiments, in which no organic compounds were found on Mars, and the Labeled Release experiments, in which added organics were decomposed.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Molecular Evolution; 14; Dec. 197
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  • 7
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    The Viking biological investigations - Review and status (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The three experimental approaches incorporated into the Viking biology instrument have yielded results that are most readily explained as nonbiological phenomena. The predominant view among investigators trying to simulate the Mars results is that the surface material of Mars contains strongly oxidizing compounds which would account for many of the more intense reactions seen on Mars. Other mechanisms are also currently being proposed and studied.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Origins of Life; 9; Dec. 197
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  • 8
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    Planetary protection issues for sample return missions (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Planetary protection (PP) issues for both a comet nucleus sample return (CNSR) mission and a Mars rover sample return (MRSR) mission are discussed, with special attention given to the PP requirements for such missions, the exobiology science objectives for the CNSR and MRSR missions, and a qualitative PP risk assessment for both mission types. A set of contamination control procedures for both missions is presented, which identify procedures for each of the mission phases (i.e., the prelaunch, launch, sample handling, transit vehicle, and earth return). Recommendations for further research and technology development are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Planetary Biology and Origins of Life, 20th, 21st, and 23rd, Espoo, Finland, July 18-29, 1988) Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 203-206
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  • 9
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    An exobiology science strategy for Mars exploration (1994)
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-02
    Description: Of all the other planets in the solar system, Mars remains the most promising for further elucidating concepts about chemical evolution and the origin of life. Exobiological objectives for Mars exploration include: determining the abundance and distribution of the biogenic elements and organic compounds, detecting evidence of an ancient biota on Mars, and determining whether indigenous organisms exist anywhere on the planet. Both approved and planned missions to Mars were evaluated for their potential to contribute to the understanding of these exobiology science objectives and an exploration strategy was developed for each objective.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere (ISSN 0169-6149); 24; 2-4; p. 342-343
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  • 10
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    Exobiological exploration of Mars (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-02
    Description: Of all the other planets in the solar system, Mars remains the most promising for further elucidating concepts about chemical evolution and the origin of life. Strategies were developed to pursue three exobiological objectives for Mars exploration: determining the abundance and distribution of the biogenic elements and organic compounds, detecting evidence of an ancient biota on Mars, and determining whether indigenous organisms exist anywhere on the planet. The three strategies are quite similar and, in fact, share the same sequence of phases. In the first phase, each requires global reconnaissance and remote sensing by orbiters to select sites of interest for detailed in situ analyses. In the second phase, lander missions are conducted to characterize the chemical and physical properties of the selected sites. The third phase involves conducting 'critical' experiments at sites whose properties make them particularly attractive for exobiology. These critical experiments would include, for example, identification of organics, detection of fossils, and detection of extant life. The fourth phase is the detailed analysis of samples returned from these sites in Earth-based laboratories to confirm and extend previous discoveries. Finally, in the fifth phase, human exploration is needed to establish the geological settings for the earlier findings or to discover and explore sites that are not accessible to robotic spacecraft.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Life sciences and space research 24 (4): Planetary biology and origins of life; Topical Meeting of the COSPAR Interdisciplinary Scientific Commission F (Meeting F3) of the COSPAR Plenary Meeting, 29th (ISSN 0273-1177); 15; 3; p. 151-156
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