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  • SPACE SCIENCES  (359)
  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration  (162)
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  • 1
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    Building on the Cornerstone: Destinations for Nearside Sample Return (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Discoveries from LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) have transformed our knowledge of the Moon, but LRO's instruments were originally designed to collect the measurements required to enable future lunar surface exploration. Compelling science questions and critical resources make the Moon a key destination for future human and robotic exploration. Lunar surface exploration, including rovers and other landed missions, must be part of a balanced planetary science and exploration portfolio. Among the highest planetary exploration priorities is the collection of new samples and their return to Earth for more comprehensive analysis than can be done in-situ. The Moon is the closest and most accessible location to address key science questions through targeted sample return. The Moon is the only other planet from which we have contextualized samples, yet critical issues need to be addressed: we lack important details of the Moon's early and recent geologic history, the full compositional and age ranges of its crust, and its bulk composition.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: LEAG Abstract 5045 , JSC-CN-37605 , 2016 Annual Meeting of the Lunar Exploration Analysis Group (LEAG 2016); Nov 01, 2016 - Nov 03, 2016; Columbia, MD; United States
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  • 2
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    Observations of the chromospheric network - Initial results from the Apollo Telescope Mount (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A preliminary analysis of early data taken by the HCO spectrometer on Skylab shows that the solar chromospheric network can be clearly seen with varying contrast in the extreme-ultraviolet emission characteristic of temperatures between 10,000 K (the Lyman continuum) and 300,000 K (O VI). In the emission of Mg X, a coronal line formed at about 1,500,000 K, the network is generally unrecognizable. This is interpreted as being due to a spreading of the magnetic field lines of the network boundary in the height interval corresponding to the temperature difference between 300,000 and 1,500,000 K. We note that in certain anomalous cases, bright points of the network are seen to extend with high contrast and essentially unchanged in their cross-section through the full range of temperatures characteristic of the chromosphere, transition region, and low corona.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 188; Feb. 15
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  • 3
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    Carbon compounds in Apollo 12 lunar samples (1971)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Carbon compounds in Apollo 12 lunar fines and core samples, using pyrolysis, mass spectrometry, ion exchange chromatography and optical and electron microscopy
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: ; - PROBLEMS OF THE TH
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  • 4
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    Surveyor 1 mission report. Part 2 - Scientific data and results (1968)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Lunar data and results of Surveyor 1 lunar probe
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-97898 , JPL-TR-32-1023-PT-2
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  • 5
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    OSIRIS-REx Contamination Control Strategy and Implementation (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: OSIRIS-REx will return pristine samples of carbonaceous asteroid Bennu. This manuscript describes how pristine was defined based on expectations of Bennu and on a realistic understanding of what is achievable with a constrained schedule and budget, and how that definition flowed to requirements and implementation. To return a pristine sample, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft sampling hardware was maintained at Level 100 A/2 and less than 180 nanograms per square centimeter of amino acids and hydrazine on the sampler head through precision cleaning, control of materials, and vigilance. Contamination is further characterized via witness material exposed to the spacecraft assembly and testing environment as well as in space. This characterization provided knowledge of the expected background and will be used in conjunction with archived spacecraft components for comparison with the samples when they are delivered to Earth for analysis. Most of all, the cleanliness of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft was achieved through communication between scientists, engineers, managers, and technicians.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN41800 , International Conference on the Origin of Life; Jul 16, 2018 - Jul 21, 2018; San Diego, CA; United States
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  • 6
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    Exploring Jupiter, Saturn and their satellites. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: By exploring the outer solar system, it is possible to go back in time and sample the conditions and the energetics of primitive solar nebula from which the sun and the planets are believed to have condensed. With the aid of particle detectors and magnetometers on a spacecraft going to the outer planets, it will be possible to study the gradients of the solar plasma, cosmic rays, and the interplanetary magnetic field. A number of questions regarding the outer solar system are examined, giving attention to problems of the origin of excess energy in the case of Jupiter, Jupiter radio emissions, problems of planetary meteorology, the rings of Saturn, and the planetary satellites. Critical in situ measurements are discussed together with exploratory missions, spacecraft characteristics, and aspects of preliminary mission design.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 11; Oct. 197
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  • 7
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    OSIRIS-REx Contamination Control Strategy and Implementation (2017)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Description: OSIRIS-REx will return pristine samples of carbonaceous asteroid Bennu. This article describes how pristine was defined based on expectations of Bennu and on a realistic understanding of what is achievable with a constrained schedule and budget, and how that definition flowed to requirements and implementation. To return a pristine sample, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft sampling hardware was maintained at level 100 A/2 and less than 180 ng/cm(exp 2) of amino acids and hydrazine on the sampler head through precision cleaning, control of materials, and vigilance. Contamination is further characterized via witness material exposed to the spacecraft assembly and testing environment as well as in space. This characterization provided knowledge of the expected background and will be used in conjunction with archived spacecraft components for comparison with the samples when they are delivered to Earth for analysis. Most of all, the cleanliness of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft was achieved through communication among scientists, engineers, managers, and technicians.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN50790 , Space Science Review (ISSN 0038-6308) (e-ISSN 1572-9672); 214; 1; 19
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  • 8
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    Scientific Goals and Objectives for the Human Exploration of Mars: 1. Biology and Atmosphere/Climate (2008)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: To prepare for the exploration of Mars by humans, as outlined in the new national vision for Space Exploration (VSE), the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG), chartered by NASA's Mars Exploration Program (MEP), formed a Human Exploration of Mars Science Analysis Group (HEM-SAG), in March 2007. HEM-SAG was chartered to develop the scientific goals and objectives for the human exploration of Mars based on the Mars Scientific Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities.1 The HEM-SAG is one of several humans to Mars scientific, engineering and mission architecture studies chartered in 2007 to support NASA s plans for the human exploration of Mars. The HEM-SAG is composed of about 30 Mars scientists representing the disciplines of Mars biology, climate/atmosphere, geology and geophysics from the U.S., Canada, England, France, Italy and Spain. MEPAG selected Drs. James B. Garvin (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) and Joel S. Levine (NASA Langley Research Center) to serve as HEMSAG co-chairs. The HEM-SAG team conducted 20 telecons and convened three face-to-face meetings from March through October 2007. The management of MEP and MEPAG were briefed on the HEM-SAG interim findings in May. The HEM-SAG final report was presented on-line to the full MEPAG membership and was presented at the MEPAG meeting on February 20-21, 2008. This presentation will outline the HEM-SAG biology and climate/atmosphere goals and objectives. A companion paper will outline the HEM-SAG geology and geophysics goals and objectives.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: 39th Lunar and Planetary Sciences Conference; Mar 10, 2008 - Mar 14, 2008; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 9
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    Temperature Constraints on the Storage and Curation of Volatile-Rich Samples from the Lunar Poles (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Final Document is attached. Introduction: NASA's Lunar Exploration Campaign includes Lunar sample return efforts beginning in the mid-2020's and human landed missions in the late 2020's-early 2030's. Volatile-rich samples from the Lunar poles will be high-priority targets due to their resource potential for human explorers and high science value. In order to precisely characterize the nature of these polar volatile materials upon return to Earth, they will need to be transported and curated under conditions that minimize their chemical and physical alteration. NASA Policy Directive (NPD) 7100.10F mandates the preservation of existing extraterrestrial samples with minimal alteration, extensive and quantitative documentation of alteration that is provided to investigators, and "the development of long-range plans" for samples yet to be acquired. This abstract summarizes new efforts by the Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office at JSC to assess the optimal
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN57277 , Lunar Pole Volatiles; Aug 07, 2018 - Aug 08, 2018; Baltimore, MD; United States
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  • 10
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    The HNC/HCN ratio in comets (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The abundance ratio of the isomers HCN and HNC has been investigated in comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) through observations of the J = 4-3 rotational transitions of both species for heliocentric distances 0.93 〈 r 〈 3 AU, both pre- and post-perihelion. After correcting for the optical depth of the stronger HCN line, we find that the column density ratio of HNC/HCN in our telescope beam increases significantly as the comet approaches the Sun. We compare this behavior to that predicted from an ion-molecule chemical model and conclude that the HNC is produced in significant measure by chemical processes in the coma; i.e., for comet Hale-Bopp, HNC is not a parent molecule sublimating from the nucleus.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Earth, moon, and planets (ISSN 0167-9295); Volume 78; 1-3; 29-35
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