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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A critique on overstory/understory comparisons based on transition probability analysis of an old growth spruce-fir stand in the Appalachians (1985)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 64 (1985), S. 37-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Abies ; Betula ; Compositional stability ; Gap phase dynamics ; Picea ; Southern Appalachians ; Transition probability analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Compositional stability in forests has traditionally been evaluated by comparing understory with overstory composition. Such comparisons have generally been qualitative. Transition probability analysis has recently allowed quantitative prediction of future community states. We used transition probability analysis of an undisturbed spruce-fir forest to evaluate the sensitivity of the overstory/understory comparison to underlying assumptions. The predictions of future composition differed widely depending on understory size class used, ecological situation (gap versus forest plots), and stand descriptor (density versus frequency). Species longevities and interactions between understory and overstory species also affected the predictions. Understory data generally led to a predicted increase in importance for the most tolerant species (Abies fraseri) and the conclusion that a previous disturbance allowed the least tolerant species (Betula lutea) to become established. Inventory of stems in gaps led to a predicted increase in importance for the least tolerant species (Betula) and the conclusion that disturbance frequency was increasing in the stand. Data incorporating more detailed observations of the gap capture process led to the inference that this old growth stand was in compositional equilibrium. In this community, the species that was densest in the understory species (Abies) had the shortest lifespan and thus, the fastest canopy turnover rate. This lead to counter-intuitive behavior in the models; in some cases Abies had a 40% higher relative density in the understory than in the overstory at equilibrium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033452
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Air stable liquid clathrates: Solid state structure and hydrocarbon solubility of organic cation triiodide salts (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 11 (1991), S. 103-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Liquid clathrate ; triiodide ; NMR ; crystal structure ; molten salts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A series of air and water stable organic cation triiodide salts have been prepared and characterized. Almost all of the salts isolated sustain liquid clathrate phases in the presence of benzene or toluene, the compositions of which were determined via1H NMR spectroscopy. Two of the salts were also characterized via X-ray crystallography in order to determine the nature of any solid state interionic interactions (1-ethylpyridinium triiodide, monoclinic,P21/c,a = 9.6031(7),b = 15.129(3),c = 8.8160(16) Å, β = 104.192(11)°,Z = 4,R = 0.041 for 2463 independent observed reflections; 1,2,4-trimethylpyridinium triiodide, orthorhombic,Pbcm,a = 9.434(4), 20.176(4), 7.411(4) Å,Z = 4,R = 0.045 for 966 observed reflections).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01153294
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