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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cochlear nuclei in Colubrid and boid snakes: A qualitative and quantitative study (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 178 (1983), S. 285-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cochlear nuclear complex was investigated in snakes of the advanced family Colubridae and the primitive family Boidae. This study was undertaken in an attempt to correlate the elaboration of the cochlear nuclei with behavior and phylogeny and to elucidate the relative effects of these factors on the evolution of the cochlear nuclear complex. Fifty-five brains, of 14 colubrid species and three boid species, were examined to collect data on neuron diameter, neuron population, nuclear volume, and neuronal density of the cochlear nuclear complex and of its component nuclei (nucleus angularis and nucleus magnocellularis). Intraspecific and interspecific comparisons of the data were performed by nested analysis of variance. The species were grouped by cluster analysis and ranked on the basis of the morphometric parameters. Interspecific comparisons indicate that the elaboration of the cochlear nuclei is related, first, to prey preference and, second, to habitat preference. The most elaborate cochlear nuclei occur in species with a preference for vertebrate prey. Burrowing species that prey on vertebrates exhibit the highest degree of elaboration of the cochlear nuclei. In some burrowing species, the nucleus magnocellularis is differentiated into medial and lateral subdivisions. The primitive boid snakes show greater elaboration of the cochlear nuclei than do most of the advanced colubrid snakes. The elaboration of the cochlear nuclear complex in snakes seems to reflect the influence of both behavior and phylogeny. Further investigation of primitive snakes of varied behaviors is needed to establish more clearly the influence of phylogeny on the evolution of the cochlear nuclear complex.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051780306
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cytoarchitecture of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 207-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoarchitecture and neuronal morphology of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle, Chrysemys scripta elegans, were examined in Nissl-stained and Golgi-impregnated material. The torus semicircularis begins in the caudodorsal mesencephalon and extends rostrally and laterally to end ventrally to the tectal ventricle. The torus semicircularis consists of a central nucleus and a laminar nucleus, which is interposed between the central nucleus and the ventricle.The central nucleus can be divided into two regions, a small, large-celled area, located dorsally, and a larger area of small spherical (6-17 μm), large spherical (18-25 μm), triangular (15-27 μm) and fusiform (10-26 μm) neurons. The small spherical cells have two dendritic patterns: “radiate” and “single.” The radiate pattern has a dorsoventral orientation, several secondary branches and few dendritic spines. These cells are usually located in the center of the central nucleus. The single pattern is oriented mediolaterally. This cell type is most often observed at the periphery of the central nucleus. These neurons have few secondary branches and dendritic spines. The large spherical neurons display two dendritic orientations: dorsoventral and mediolateral. All dendritic trees have numerous secondary branches and few dendritic spines. The triangular neurons exhibit primary dendrites projecting from the corners of the somata and have few secondary branches and dendritic spines.The fusiform neurons have a majority of their dendrites oriented mediolaterally, few secondary branches and a small number of dendritic spines.The laminar nucleus consists of several layers and three cell types: ovoid (9-15 μm), triangular (20-40 μm), and fusiform (20-40 μm). All neurons have few secondary dendritic branches and few dendritic spines. The dendrites of many neurons course perpendicularly to the long axis of the brainstem and encapsulate the central nucleus. Some ovoid and fusiform neurons display dendrites that enter the central nucleus.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690207
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The torus semicircularis in a gekkonid lizard (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 259-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoarchitecture and neuromorphology of the torus semicircularis in the tokay gecko, Gekko gecko, were examined in Nissl-stained, fiber-stained, and Golgi-impregnated tissues.From a superficial position, the torus semicircularis extends rostrally under the caudal half of the optic tectum. Caudally, the two tori abut upon one another; rostrally, they diverge. The torus semicircularis consists of central, laminar, and superficial nuclei.The central nucleus consists of fusiform, spherical and triangular neurons. Their dendrites are highly branched, with numerous dendritic spines, and are oriented mediolaterally, dorsoventrally, and rostrocaudally. Fusiform and spherical neurons display two dendritic patterns: “single axis,” ramifying in one axis, and “dual axis,” exhibiting higher-order branches perpendicular to the primary dendrites. Triangular neurons exhibit a “radiate” dendritic pattern.In the rostral half of the torus semicircularis, the laminar nucleus caps the central nucleus. The laminar nucleus encircles the central nucleus in the caudal torus semicircularis. The neurons of the laminar nucleus have dendritic arrays oriented parallel to the border of the central nucleus. These dendrites exhibit a paucity of dendritic spines and higher-order branches. Fusiform and spherical neurons exhibit “single axis” and “dual axis” dendritic patterns. Triangular neurons display “radiate” patterns.The caudal superficial nucleus lies dorsal and dorsolateral to the central nucleus. The superficial nucleus is sparsely populated by small fusiform and spherical neurons with moderately branched dendrites and moderate numbers of dendritic spines. These neurons display “single axis” (fusiform neurons) as well as “dual axis” and “radiate” (spherical neurons) dendritic patterns. They are oriented either parallel to or perpendicular to the boundary of the laminar nucleus.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690302
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