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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear architecture supports integration of physiological regulatory signals for transcription of cell growth and tissue-specific genes during osteoblast differentiation (1994)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 55 (1994), S. 4-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: nucleus ; gene expression ; cell growth ; osteoblast ; nucleosome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: During the past several years it has become increasingly evident that the three-dimensional organization of the nucleus plays a critical role in transcriptional control. The principal theme of this prospect will be the contribution of nuclear structure to the regulation of gene expression as functionally related to development and maintenance of the osteoblast phenotype during establishment of bone tissue-like organization. The contributions of nuclear structure as it regulates and is regulated by the progressive developmental expression of cell growth and bone cell related genes will be examined. We will consider signalling mechanisms that integrate the complex and interdependent responsiveness to physiological mediators of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. The focus will be on the involvement of the nuclear matrix, chromatin structure, and nucleosome organization in transcriptional control of cell growth and bone cell related genes. Findings are presented which are consistent with involvement of nuclear structure in gene regulatory mechanisms which support osteoblast differentiation by addressing four principal questions: (1) Does the representation of nuclear matrix proteins reflect the developmental stage-specific requirements for modifications in transcription during osteoblast differentiation? (2) Are developmental stage-specific transcription factors components of nuclear matrix proteins? (3) Can the nuclear matrix facilitate interrelationships between physiological regulatory signals that control transcription and the integration of activities of multiple promoter regulatory elements? (4) Are alterations in gene expression and cell phenotypic properties in transformed osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells reflected by modifications in nuclear matrix proteins? There is a striking representation of nuclear matrix proteins unique to cells, tissues as well as developmental stages of differentiation, and tissue organization. Together with selective association of regulatory molecules with the nuclear matrix in a growth and differentiation-specific manner, there is a potential for application of nuclear matrix proteins in tumor diagnosis, assessment of tumor progression, and prognosis of therapies where properties of the transformed state of cells is modified. It is realistic to consider the utilization of nuclear matrix proteins for targeting regions of cell nuclei and specific genomic domains on the basis of developmental phenotypic properties or tissue pathology. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240550103
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of transcription-factor activity during growth and differentiation: Involvement of the nuclear matrix in concentration and localization of promoter binding proteins (1991)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 47 (1991), S. 300-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: CCAAT box ; osteocalcin promoter ; histone promoter ; regulatory elements ; vitamin D gene regulation ; hormone control ; transcription factors ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Several lines of evidence are presented which support involvement of the nuclear matrix in regulating the transcription of two genes, histone and osteocalcin, that are reciprocally expressed during development of the osteoblast phenotype. In the 5′ regulatory region of an H4 histone gene, which is expressed in proliferating osteoblasts early during the developmental/differentiation sequence, a dual role is proposed for the nuclear matrix binding domain designated NMP-1 (-589 to -730 upstream from the transcription start site). In addition to functioning as a nuclear matrix attachment site, the sequences contribute to the upregulation of histone gene transcription, potentially facilitated by concentration and localization of an 84kD ATF DNA binding protein. A homologous nuclear matrix binding domain was identified in the promoter of the osteocalcin gene, which is expressed in mature osteoblasts in an extracellular matrix undergoing mineralization. The NMP binding domain in the osteocalcin gene promoter resides contiguous to the vitamin D responsive element. Together with gene and transcription factor localization, a model is proposed whereby nuclear matrix-associated structural constraints on conformation of the osteocalcin gene promoter facilitates vitamin D responsiveness mediated by cooperativity at multiple regulatory elements.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240470403
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subnuclear distribution of the vitamin D receptor (1994)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 54 (1994), S. 494-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: vitamin D ; nuclear matrix ; protein ; AP-1 ; NMP2 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The subnuclear distribution of the vitamin D receptor was investigated to begin addressing the contribution of nuclear architecture to vitamin D-responsive control of gene expression in ROS 17/2.8 rat osteosarcoma cells. The nuclear matrix is an anastomosing network of filaments that is functionally associated with DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing. The representation of vitamin D receptor in the nuclear matrix and nonmatrix nuclear fractions was determined by the combined application of (1) sequence-specific interactions with the vitamin D receptor binding element of the rat bone-specific osteocalcin gene promoter and (2) Western blot analysis. Both methods confirmed the presence of vitamin D receptor in the nonmatrix nuclear fraction and the absence of detectable vitamin D receptors associated with the nuclear matrix. In contrast, these same nuclear matrix proteins preparations exhibited association with the general transcription factor AP-1 and a bone tissue-specific promoter binding factor NMP2. NMP-2 exhibits recognition for a promoter domain contiguous to the vitamin D-responsive element of the osteocalcin gene, although the vitamin D receptor does not appear to be a component of the nuclear matrix proteins. Interrelationships between nuclear matrix proteins and nonmatrix nuclear proteins, in mediating steroid hormone responsiveness of a vitamin D-regulated promoter, are therefore suggested.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240540417
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topoisomerase II expression in osseous tissue (1997)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 67 (1997), S. 451-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: bone ; differentiation ; nuclear matrix ; osteoblast ; topoisomerase II ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The molecular mechanisms that mediate the transition from an osteoprogenitor cell to a differentiated osteoblast are unknown. We propose that topoisomerase II (topo II) enzymes, nuclear proteins that mediate DNA topology, contribute to coordinating the loss of osteoprogenitor proliferative capacity with the onset of differentiation. The isoforms topo II-α and -β, are differentially expressed in nonosseous tissues. Topo II-α expression is cell cycle-dependent and upregulated during mitogenesis. Topo II-β is expressed throughout the cell cycle and upregulated when cells have plateaued in growth. To determine whether topo II-α and -β are expressed in normal bone, we analyzed rat lumbar vertebrae using immunohistochemical staining. In the tissue sections, topo II-α was expressed in the marrow cavity of the primary spongiosa. Mature osteoblasts along the trabecular surfaces did not express topo II-α, but were immunopositive for topo II-β, as were cells of the marrow cavity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to determine the nuclear distribution of topo II in rat osteoblasts isolated from the metaphyseal distal femur and the rat osteosarcoma cells, ROS 17/2.8. Topo II-α exhibited a punctate nuclear distribution in the bone cells. Topo II-β was dispersed throughout the interior of the nucleus but concentrated at the nuclear envelope. Serum starvation of the cells attenuated topo II-α expression but did not modulate expression of the β-isoform. These results indicate that the loss of osteogenic proliferation correlates with the downregulation of topo II-α expression. J. Cell. Biochem. 67:451-465, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of differential gene expression in rat tibia after an osteogenic stimulus in vivo: Mechanical loading regulates osteopontin and myeloperoxidase (1998)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 68 (1998), S. 355-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: mechanical loading ; gene expression ; osteopontin ; myeloperoxidase ; rats ; differential display ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The skeleton has the ability to alter its mass, geometry, and strength in response to mechanical stress. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) was used to analyze gene expression in endocortical bone of mature female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats, approximately 8 months old, received either a sham or bending load using a four-point loading apparatus on the right tibia. RNA was collected at 1 h and 24 h after load was applied, reverse-transcribed into cDNA, and used in DDRT-PCR. Parallel display of samples from sham and loaded bones on a sequencing gel showed several regulated bands. Further analysis of seven of these bands allowed us to isolate two genes that are regulated in response to a loading stimulus. Nucleotide analysis showed that one of the differentially expressed bands shares 99% sequence identity with rat osteopontin (OPN), a noncollagenous bone matrix protein. Northern blot analysis confirms that OPN mRNA expression is increased by nearly 4-fold, at 6 h and 24 h after loading. The second band shares 90% homology with mouse myeloperoxidase (MPO), a bactericidal enzyme found primarily in neutrophils and monocytes. Semiquantitative PCR confirms that MPO expression is decreased 4- to 10-fold, at 1 h and 24 h after loading. Tissue distribution analysis confirmed MPO expression in bone but not in other tissues examined. In vitro analysis showed that MPO expression was not detectable in total RNA from UMR 106 osteoblastic cells or in confluent primary cultures of osteoblasts derived from either rat primary spongiosa or diaphyseal marrow. Database analysis suggests that MPO is expressed by osteocytes. These findings reinforce the association of OPN expression to bone turnover and describes for the first time, decreased expression of MPO during load-induced bone formation. These results suggest a role for both OPN and MPO expression in bone cell function. J. Cell. Biochem. 68:355-365, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PTH-responsive osteoblast nuclear matrix architectural transcription factor binds to the rat type I collagen promoterThe first two authors contributed equally to this work. (1998)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 69 (1998), S. 336-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: architectural transcription factor ; nuclear matrix ; osteoblast ; parathyroid hormone ; type I collagen ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: In connective tissue, cell structure contributes to type I collagen expression. Differences in osteoblast microarchitecture may account for the two distinct cis elements regulating basal expression, in vivo and in vitro, of the rat type I collagen α1(I) polypeptide chain (COL1A1). The COL1A1 promoter conformation may be the penultimate culmination of osteoblast structure. Architectural transcription factors bind to the minor groove of AT-rich DNA and bend it, altering interactions between other trans-acting proteins. Similarly, nuclear matrix (NM) proteins bind to the minor groove of AT-rich matrix-attachment regions, regulating transcription by altering DNA structure. We propose that osteoblast NM architectural transcription factors link cell structure to promoter geometry and COL1A1 transcription. Our objective was to identify potential osteoblast NM architectural transcription factors near the in vitro and in vivo regulatory regions of the rat COL1A1 promoter. Nuclear protein-promoter interactions were analyzed by gel shift analysis and related techniques. NM extracts were derived from rat osteosarcoma cells and from rat bone. The NM protein, NMP4, and a soluble nuclear protein, NP, both bound to two homologous poly(dT) elements within the COL1A1 in vitro regulatory region and proximal to the in vivo regulatory element. These proteins bound within the minor groove and bent the DNA. Parathyroid hormone increased NP/NMP4 binding to both poly(dT) elements and decreased COL1A1 mRNA in the osteosarcoma cells. NP/NMP4-COL1A1 promoter interactions may represent a molecular pathway by which osteoblast structure is coupled to COL1A1 expression. J. Cell. Biochem. 69:336-352. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parathyroid hormone regulates the expression of rat osteoblast and osteosarcoma nuclear matrix proteins (1996)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 63 (1996), S. 374-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: tissue matrix ; primary spongiosa ; PTH-induced downregulation ; topoisomerase ; NuMA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) alters osteoblast morphology. How these changes in cell shape modify nuclear structure and ultimately gene expression is not known. Chronic exposure to rat PTH (1-34) [10 nM] attenuated the expression of 200, 190, and 160 kD proteins in the nuclear matrix-intermediate filament subfraction of the rat osteosarcoma cells, ROS 17/2.8 [Bidwell et al. (1994b): Endocrinology 134:1738-1744]. Here, we determined that these same PTH-responsive proteins were expressed in rat metaphyseal osteoblasts. We identified the 200 kD protein as a non-muscle myosin. Although the molecular weights, subcellular distribution, and half-lives of the 190 and 160 kD proteins were similar to topoisomerase II-α and -β, nuclear matrix enzymes that mediate DNA topology, the 190 and 160 kD proteins did not interact with topoisomerase antibodies. Nevertheless, the expression of topoisomerase II-α, and NuMA, a component of the nuclear core filaments, was also regulated by PTH in the osteosarcoma cells. The 190 kD protein was selectively expressed in bone cells as it was not observed in OK opossum kidney cells, H4 hepatoma cells, or NIH3T3 cells. PTH attenuated mRNA expression of the PTH receptor in our cell preparations. These results demonstrate that PTH selectively alters the expression of osteoblast membrane, cytoskeletal, and nucleoskeletal proteins. Topoisomerase II-α, NuMA, and the 190 and 160 kD proteins may direct the nuclear PTH signalling pathways to the target genes and play a structural role in osteoblast gene expression. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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