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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of cranial and rostral spinal nerves in tadpoles of the frog discoglossus pictus (Discoglossidae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995), S. 189-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We studied the peripheral nervous system of early tadpoles of the frog Discoglossus pictus using whole-mount immunohistochemistry. Double-labeling of muscles and nerves allowed us to determine the innervation of all cranial muscles supplied by the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal, and hypoglossal nerves. The gross anatomical pattern of visceral, cutaneous, and lateral-line innervation was also assessed. Most muscles of the visceral arches are exclusively supplied by posttrematic rami of the corresponding branchiomeric nerves, the only exceptions being some ventral muscles (intermandibular, interhyoid, and subarcual rectus muscles). In the mandibular arch, the pattern of motor ramules of the trigeminal nerve prefigures in a condensed form the adult pattern, but the muscles of the hyoid arch are innervated by ramules of the facial nerve in a pattern that differs from that of postmetamorphic frogs. With respect to the nerves of the branchial arches, pretrematic visceral rami, typical of other gnathostomes, are absent in D. pictus. Instead, we find a separate series of posttrematic profundal visceral rami. Pharyngeal rami of all branchial nerves contribute to Jacobson's anastomosis. We provide a detailed description of the lateral-line innervation and describe a new ramus of the middle lateral-line nerve (ramus suprabranchialis). We confirm the presence of a first spinal nerve and its contribution to the hypoglossal nerve in D. pictus tadpoles. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052260207
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression and regulation of superoxide dismutase activity in human skin fibroblasts from donors of different ages (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 165 (1995), S. 576-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have determined the activities, protein, and mRNA abundances as well as the level of transcriptional activation of two intracellular forms of the free radical metabolizing enzyme superoxide dismutase in 29 human skin fibroblast lines established from donors of different ages. SOD-1 (a copper and zinc containing from of SOD) and SOD-2 (a manganese containing form of the enzyme) activities were both observed to be significantly lower in cell lines derived from fetal skin than in lines established form postnatal skin (ages 17-94 years). The percent of total activity contributed by SOD-1 decreased in an age-associated manner from approximately 50% in the fetal lines to less than 20% in lines established from old tissue donors. All of the cell lines were screened to exclude the possibility that they contained a polymorphism known to influence SOD-2 activity. Northern blot analysis revealed three SOD-1 mRNA transcripts that were 0.5, 0.7, and 1.9 kb in length. Although SOD-1 protein abundance was lower in fetal lines than in lines derived from postnatal donors, SOD-1 mRNA abundance did not differ between fetal cells and cell lines derived from young donors. SOD-2 protein abundance and mRNA abundance were both significantly lower in fetal lines than in postnatal lines. No postnatal age-dependent differences were observed in any of the SOD-2 parameters examined. Nuclear run-on analysis revealed that fetal cell lines exhibited a lower level of transcriptional initiation for SOD-1 than postnatal lines. The transcription of SOD-2 was readily detected in postnatal lines, but undetectable in fetal lines. These results are consisten with multiple levels of control of SOD-1 expression and with a strong transcriptional influence on SOD-2 expression. © 1995 Wiley-Liss Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041650316
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Green life: Control of chloroplast gene transcription (1996)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    BioEssays 18 (1996), S. 465-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-9247
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chloroplasts and other plastids are plant cell organelles that account for major biochemical functions. They contain their own gene expression system but are integrated into the signaling network of the entire cell. Both nuclear and plastid genes are involved in chloroplast biogenesis, and the gene expression pathways both inside and outside the organelle are subject to developmental and environmental control. The plastid transcription apparatus reflects this general scheme, with a basic organelle-encoded enzymatic machinery surrounded by factors that may be encoded by nuclear genes. Among the transcription regulatory mechanisms thought to play a role during plastid development are: (1) differential usage of promoter elements; (2) phosphorylation of transcription factors by a protein kinase, which is itself subject to phosphorylation and redox control; (3) dynamic changes in the composition of the transcription apparatus. In etioplasts, the dominating polymerase ‘B’ is a bacterial-type enzyme, whereas the major chloroplast polymerase ‘A’ is a much larger enzyme reminiscent of those in the nucleus. These two enzyme forms may share common components and recruit others during development.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950180608
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmentbildung im Keimstreif der Krebse (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 25 (1995), S. 90-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eine der zentralen Fragen der Entwicklungsbiologie ist die nach den Mechanismen, die zur Differenzierung anfänglich gleichartiger Zellen führen. Insbesondere bei Organismen, die während ihrer Ontogenese ein invariantes Zellteilungsmuster zeigen, liegt es nahe, im Zellstammbaum den Schlüssel zum Verständnis von Differenzierung zu sehen. Vergleichende Studien zeigen jedoch, daß Zellgenealogie und Zelldifferenzierung voneinander unabhängig sind - eine Schlußfolgerung, die in ähnlicher Weise schon vor hundert Jahren von einem der Pioniere der Entwicklungsbiologie, E. G. Conklin, formuliert wurde: „Is there any causal relation between cell-formation and differentiation? There is abundant evidence that there is no necessary relation between the two“.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19950250208
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau und biologische Vielfalt (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Vielfalt in allen Erscheinungsformen kennzeichnet schon die unbelebte und in noch stärkerem Maße die belebte Natur. Dagegen drängt die Nutzung von Naturkräften durch den Menschen, insbesondere in ihren weiter entwickelten und technisierten Formen stets auf Vereinfachung. So werden landwirtschaftliche Kulturpflanzen bei ein- bis mehrjähriger Nutzung im Regelfall in Reinkultur angebaut, ganz im Gegensatz zur standorttypischen Artenvielfalt eines natürlichen Pflanzenbestandes. Lediglich die verbliebene Unkrautflora erinnert dann and die ursprüngliche Artenvielfalt einer Pflanzengesellschaft. Es kommt hinzu, daß sich landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau auf nur wenige anbauwürdige Kulturpflanzenarten konzentriert. Weltweit nimmt das Ackerland etwa 10 % der Landoberfläche der Erde ein, die mit nur etwa 30 Kulturpflanzenarten von überregionaler Bedeutung bestellt werden. Allein 37,4% davon sind dem Anbau von nur dreif für die Ernährung der Menschheit besonders bedeutsamen Arten (Weizen, Resi und Mais) gewidmet. In Deutschland werden gegenwärtig sogar 33% der Landoberfläche als Ackerland genutzt. Von den insgesamt etwa 14 bei uns häufiger anzutreffenden Kulturpflanzenarten besetzen die drei dominierenden Arten (Winterweizen, Mais und Wintergerste) dabei 48% der Anbaufläche. Landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau wird also generell artenarm betrieben.Die zweite Ebene bilogischer Vielfalt im landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenbau stützt sich auf die mehr oder weniger regelmäßige Folge verschiedener in Reinkultur angebauter Kulturpflanzenarten. Bozogen auf die Gesamtfläche eines Betriebes order die Feldflur einer Gemeinde ergibt sich dann noch immer ein abwechslungsreiches Gesamtbild verschiedener Aussaat-, Blühund Erntezeiten. Für artenreiche Fruchtfolgen lassen sich darüber hinaus viele, für die Bodenbewirtschaftung vorteilhafte Argumente anführen. Die hohe Schlagkraft der vollmechanisierten Betriebe und die beliebige Verfügbarkeit von Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Verbindung mit artunterschiedlichen Ertrags- und Preisrelationen haben jedoch auf intensive bewirtschafteten Betrieben in günstigen Lagen zu einer oft drastischen Reduktion der Pflanzenproduktion (auf den Anbau von nur noch drei, manchmal sogar nur zwei Arten) geführt, von denen der jeweils höchste Beitrag zur Deckung der Betriebskosten erwartet werden kann.Inzwischen hat sich jedoch die Erkenntnis durchgesetzt, daß die Aufrechterhaltung “biologischer Diversität” ein wesentliches Element zur Sicherung der “Nachhaltigkeit” der landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenproduktion darstellt. Dies hat in der Konferenz von Rio (1992) im Rahmen der Agenda 21 zum Abschluß einer “Konvention über Biologische Vielfatl” geführt, der auch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland beigetreten ist.Mit dem Begriff biologische Vielfalt werden in dieser Konvention nicht nur Naturschutzverpflichtungen zur Sicherung des Erhalts bedrohter Tier- und Pflanzenarten übernommen, sondern es geht zu einem wesentlichen Teil auch um die 3. Ebene der biologischen Vielfalt in Form der genetischen Vielfalt innerhalb der für die Welternährung grundlegend bedeutsamen Kulturpflanzenarten. In diesem Zusammenhang soll hier gefragt werden, ob mit der Einführung transgener Nutzpflanzen neben ihrem wirtschaftlichem Nutzen auch Risiken für die biologische Vielfatl verbuden sind.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290308
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die historische Entwicklung der Pflanzenzüchtung in Deutschland: das Beipiel der Öpflanze Raps (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 132-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Für einen landwirtschaftlichen Anbau in Deutschland ist die Entwicklung von traansgenen Sorten beim Winterraps zur Zeit am weitesten gediehen, weshalb das Thema Gentechnik für diese Pflanzenart besondere Aktualität besitzt. Überdies erfolgt die züchterische Sortenentwicklung bei jeder Kulturpflanze prinzipiell in denselben Schritten. Es erscheint hilfreich, sich diese an einem erfolgreichen Beisiel zu vergegenwärtigen, will man die neuen Methoden der Biotechnologie mit den bisher in der Pflanzenzüchtung gebräuchlichen vergleichen und sachgerecht bewerten.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290303
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instructive induction of prostate growth and differentiation by a defined urogenital sinus mesenchyme (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 30 (1995), S. 319-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Rat ; Prostate ; Epithelium ; Stroma ; Cytodifferentiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Instructive influences of fetal mesenchyme were examined in heterotypic tissue recombinants consisting of urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM) from male and female rats and distal ductal tips from adult rat prostate. Tissues were grown under the renal capsule of male hosts for periods up to 28 days. Resultant growths exhibited typical prostate histology. Expression of lobe-specific proteins for the ventral (prostatic steroid binding protein [PSBP]) lateral (seminal vesicle secretion II [SVS II]), and dorsal prostate (secretory transglutaminase [TGase]) were examined by immunocytochemistry. Male or female UGM combined with terminal segments of the ventral or dorsal prostate and immunolabeled with antibodies to lobe-specific proteins demonstrated expression of all three secretory products. The pattern of staining was consistent with a compound inductive response from the UGM. Unique to this study was our ability to use a defined mesenchymal tissue (female ventral mesenchymal pad [VMP]). This tissue is specifically associated with ductal branching morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of the ventral prostate. Distal ductal tips from the dorsal lobe of the adult male prostate when recombined with female VMP and grown in vivo exhibited transformation of secretory phenotype, and the epithelium expressed mRNAs for PSBP. Immunocytochemistry of serial sections did not demonstrate labeling for TGase in the new epithelial growth. Ultrastructural analysis of the heterotypic recombinants indicated that the epithelium had similar characteristics to those of normal ventral prostate. Early stages of the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions resulted in dedifferentiation of the adult epithelium to solid cords of stratified cells. These findings illustrate the potent instructive capacity of a defined fetal UGM to influence development and cytodifferentiation of adult prostate epithelium. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070300407
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of the skin of Xenopus laevis (Anura, Amphibia) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skin of the aquatic pipid frog, Xenopus laevis, was examined for specific biomechanical features: (1) thickness, (2) maximal strain at break (εf), (3) tensile strength (σm), (4) modulus of elasticity (E, stiffness), and (5) the area under the stress-strain curve (W) (breaking energy, toughness). Skin freshly removed from dorsal, ventral, and lateral areas of the body was subjected to uniaxial tension. In both sexes, the dorsal skin is thicker than the ventral. The skin of male frogs was consistently thinner in all body regions than that of females. Most biomechanical parameters showed a considerable range of values in both males (εf = 59-63%, σm = 15-16.5 MPa, E = 33.5-38.4 MPa, W = 3.8-4.5 MJ/m3) and females (εf = 102-126%, σm = 11.5 MPa, E = 10.4-12 MPa, W = 5.2-6.7 MJ/m3). The disparate εf values in males (low) and females (high) might reflect sexual dimorphism. Static stress-strain curves were typicxally J-shaped; with the exception of “toe,” the curves rose approximately linearly with increasing strain. The skin of X. laevis, although heterogeneous in structure, possesses features similar to those found in tissues with aligned collagen fibers such as tendons or fish skin. However, in anurans, the skin seems to play a more passive mechanical role during locomotion than in fish. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240103
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic susceptibility to cancer from exogenous and endogenous exposures (1996)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 63 (1996), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: bladder cancer ; breast cancer ; ethnicity ; polymorphism prostate cancer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The past four decades of epidemiological research have yielded valuable information on the risks of populations to environmental exposures such as tobacco, asbestos, and dietary components. Prevention efforts have been focused on large-scale population-based interventions to minimize exposure to such external carcinogens. While some cancers are beginning to show a decline from changing environmental exposures, hormone-related cancers, such as breast and prostate, are becoming more prevalent. The development of these cancers appears to be closely related to endogenous exposures to circulating steroid hormones. Although prevention trials using antihormone agents are proving successful in some instances, the long-term control of these cancers necessitates a clearer understanding of the metabolism and transport of the relevant hormone in vivo.The revolution in molecular biology has provided powerful genetic tools for evaluating mechanisms of cancer causation as well as the potential to better define individual susceptibility. Using tobacco exposure as an example, we and others have demonstrated that polymorphisms in genes controlling aromatic amine metabolism provide at least a partial explanation for ethnic and individual susceptibility to bladder cancer. Similar studies have examined genetic polymorphisms in the metabolism of tobacco smoke and lung cancer risk, red meat and colorectal cancer, and aflatoxin and liver cancer.Our current studies have pursued a similar paradigm of genetic polymorphism and individual cancer susceptibility in prostate and breast carcinogenesis. We are evaluating polymorphisms in the steroid 5α-reductase type II and androgen receptor genes in relation to prostate cancer based on the evidence that intracellular dihydrotestosterone is the critical “carcinogen.” We are pursuing genetic polymorphisms affecting estradiol metabolism, including those in the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 and estrogen receptor genes as they relate to susceptibility to breast cancer. The potential role of a polymorphism in the cytochrome P450c17α gene in both breast and prostate cancers is also being examined. J. Cell. Biochem. 25S:15-22. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extracellular calcium influx stimulates metalloproteinase cleavage and secretion of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor independently of protein kinase C (1998)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 69 (1998), S. 143-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: HB-EGF ; cleavage-secretion ; PKC ; ErbB1 ; EGF receptor ; matrix metalloproteinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The phorbol ester, tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA), stimulates rapid proteolytic processing of the transmembrane, pro- form of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) at cell surfaces, suggesting the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in the HB-EGF secretion mechanism. To test this possibility, we expressed a chimeric protein, consisting of proHB-EGF fused to placental alkaline phosphatase (AP) near the amino terminus of processed HB-EGF, in NbMC-2 prostate epithelial cells. The proHB-EGF-AP chimera localized to plasma membranes and functioned as a diphtheria toxin receptor. Secreted HB-EGF-AP bound to heparin and exhibited potent growth factor activity. The presence of the AP moiety allowed highly quantitative measurements of cleavage-secretion responses of proHB-EGF to extracellular stimuli. As expected, rapid secretion of HB-EGF-AP was induced in a time- and dose-dependent manner by TPA. However, this was also observed with the Ca2+ionophore, ionomycin, suggesting the involvement of extracellular Ca2+ ions in the secretion mechanism. Ionomycin-induced secretion was inhibited by extracellular calcium chelation but not by the PKC inhibitors, GF109203X, staurosporine, or chelerythrine. The TPA-mediated secretion effect was inhibited by staurosporine, GF109203X, and by pretreatment with TPA, but not by calcium chelation. A small secretion response was induced by thapsigargin, which releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores, but this was completely eliminated by extracellular calcium chelation. Ionomycin- and TPA-induced HB-EGF-AP secretion was not dependent on the presence of the proHB-EGF cytoplasmic domain and was specifically inhibited by the metalloproteinase inhibitors 1,10-phenanthroline and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). These data demonstrate that extracellular Ca2+ influx activates a membrane-associated metalloproteinase to process proHB-EGF by a pathway that does not require PKC. J. Cell. Biochem. 69:143-153, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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