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  • 1
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    Laboratory multiple-crystal X-ray topography and reciprocal-space mapping of protein crystals: influence of impurities on crystal perfection (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Double-axis multiple-crystal X-ray topography, rocking-curve measurements and triple-axis reciprocal-space mapping have been combined to characterize protein crystals using a laboratory source. Crystals of lysozyme and lysozyme crystals doped with acetylated lysozyme impurities were examined. It was shown that the incorporation of acetylated lysozyme into crystals of lysozyme induces mosaic domains that are responsible for the broadening and/or splitting of rocking curves and diffraction-space maps along the direction normal to the reciprocal-lattice vector, while the overall elastic lattice strain of the impurity-doped crystals does not appear to be appreciable in high angular resolution reciprocal-space maps. Multiple-crystal monochromatic X-ray topography, which is highly sensitive to lattice distortions, was used to reveal the spatial distribution of mosaic domains in crystals which correlates with the diffraction features in reciprocal space. Discussions of the influence of acetylated lysozyme on crystal perfection are given in terms of our observations.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography (ISSN 0907-4449); Volume 57; Pt 6; 840-6
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  • 2
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    Diffraction and imaging study of imperfections of crystallized lysozyme with coherent X-rays (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Phase-contrast X-ray diffraction imaging and high-angular-resolution diffraction combined with phase-contrast radiographic imaging were employed to characterize defects and perfection of a uniformly grown tetragonal lysozyme crystal in the symmetric Laue case. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of a 4 4 0 rocking curve measured from the original crystal was approximately 16.7 arcsec and imperfections including line defects, inclusions and other microdefects were observed in the diffraction images of the crystal. The observed line defects carry distinct dislocation features running approximately along the 〈1 1 0〉 growth front and have been found to originate mostly in a central growth area and occasionally in outer growth regions. Inclusions of impurities or formations of foreign particles in the central growth region are resolved in the images with high sensitivity to defects. Slow dehydration led to the broadening of a fairly symmetric 4 4 0 rocking curve by a factor of approximately 2.6, which was primarily attributed to the dehydration-induced microscopic effects that are clearly shown in X-ray diffraction images. The details of the observed defects and the significant change in the revealed microstructures with drying provide insight into the nature of imperfections, nucleation and growth, and the properties of protein crystals.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography (ISSN 0907-4449); Volume 60; Pt 4; 621-9
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  • 3
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    Phase sensitive x-ray diffraction imaging of defects in biological macromolecular crystals (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Conventional x-ray diffraction topography is currently used to map defects in the bulk of protein crystals, but the lack of sufficient contrast is frequently a limiting factor. We experimentally demonstrate that this barrier can be circumvented using a method that combines phase sensitive and diffraction imaging principles. Details of defects revealed in tetragonal lysozyme and cubic ferritin crystals are presented and discussed. The approach enabling the detection of the phase changes of diffracted x rays should prove to be useful in the study of defect structures in a broad range of biological macromolecular crystals.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Physical review letters (ISSN 0031-9007); Volume 87; 14; 148101
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  • 4
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    Quality factors for alpha particles emitted in tissue (2002)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A concept of a mean or dose averaged quality factor was defined in ICRP Publication 26 using relationships for quality factor as a function of LET. The concept of radiation weighting factors, wR, was introduced in ICRP Publication 60 in 1990. These are meant to be generalized factors that modify absorbed dose to reflect the risk of stochastic effects as a function of the quality of the radiation incident on the body or emitted by radioactivity within the body. The values of wr are equal to 20 for all alpha particles externally or internally emitted. This note compares the dose averaged quality factor for alpha particles originating in tissue using the old and revised recommendations for quality factor as a function of LET. The dose averaged quality factor never exceeds 20 using the old recommendations and is never less than 20 with the revised recommendations.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Health physics (ISSN 0017-9078); Volume 82; 1; 102-4
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  • 5
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    Effect of turbulence models on criticality conditions in swirling flows (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The critical state of vortex cores downstream of vortex breakdown has been studied. Base vortical flows were computed using the Reynolds-averaged, axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations. Standard K - epsilon, RNG and second-order Reynolds stress models were employed. Results indicate that the return to supercriticality is highly dependent on the turbulence model. The K - epsilon model predicted a rapid return of the vortex to supercritical conditions, the location of which showed little sensitivity to changes in the swirl ratio. The Reynolds stress model predicted that the vortex remains subcritical to the end of the domain for each of the swirl ratios employed, and provided results in qualitative agreement with experimental work. The RNG model produced intermediate results, with a downstream movement in the critical location with increasing swirl. Calculations for which area reductions were introduced at the exit in a subcritical flow were also performed using the Reynolds stress model. The structure of the resulting recirculation zone was altered significantly. However, when area reductions were employed within supercritical flows as predicted using the two-equation models, no significant influence on the recirculation zone was noted.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, The Sixth Annual Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; p 163-173
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  • 6
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    Numerical experiments on boundary-layer receptivity (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The incompressible laminar flow over an infinitely thin flat plate is obtained using a Navier-Stokes code in vorticity-velocity variables. The flow at and near the leading edge of the plate is an integral part of the solution algorithm which requires no special treatment; thus allowing for the flow field in this region to be studied in detail. An incident plane sound wave is imposed in the free-stream flow and the receptivity of the boundary layer is studied with particular emphasis to the flow near and at the leading edge.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 7
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    The present state and future direction of second order closure models for compressible flows (1992)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include: (1) Reynolds stress closure models; (2) Favre averages and governing equations; (3) the model for the deviatoric part of the pressure-strain rate correlation; (4) the SSG pressure-strain correlation model; (5) a compressible turbulent dissipation rate model; (6) variable viscosity effects; (7) near-wall stiffness problems; (8) models of the Reynolds mass and heat flux; and (9) a numerical solution of the compressible turbulent transport equation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Workshop on Engineering Turbulence Modeling; p 249-275
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  • 8
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    Studies in turbulence (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Various papers on turbulence are presented. Individual topics addressed include: modeling the dissipation rate in rotating turbulent flows, mapping closures for turbulent mixing and reaction, understanding turbulence in vortex dynamics, models for the structure and dynamics of near-wall turbulence, complexity of turbulence near a wall, proper orthogonal decomposition, propagating structures in wall-bounded turbulence flows. Also discussed are: constitutive relation in compressible turbulence, compressible turbulence and shock waves, direct simulation of compressible turbulence in a shear flow, structural genesis in wall-bounded turbulence flows, vortex lattice structure of turbulent shear slows, etiology of shear layer vortices, trilinear coordinates in fluid mechanics.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ; 615 p.
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  • 9
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    Modeling the dissipation rate in rotating turbulent flows (1990)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A variety of modifications to the modeled dissipation rate transport equation that have been proposed during the past two decades to account for rotational strains are examined. The models are subjected to two crucial test cases: the decay of isotropic turbulence in a rotating frame and homogeneous shear flow in a rotating frame. It is demonstrated that these modifications do not yield substantially improved predictions for these two test cases and in many instances give rise to unphysical behavior. An alternative proposal, based on the use of the tensor dissipation rate, is made for the development of improved models.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-187485 , ICASE-90-88 , NAS 1.26:187485 , AD-A232079
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  • 10
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    An analysis of RNG based turbulence models for homogeneous shear flow (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In a recent paper, the authors compared the performance of a variety of turbulence models including the k-epsilon model and the second-order closure model based on Renormalization Group (RNG) Methods. The performance of these RNG models in homogeneous turbulent shear flow was found to be quite poor, apparently due to the value of the constant C(sub epsilon1) in the modeled dissipation rate equation which was substantially lower than its traditional value. However, recently a correction has been made in the RNG based calculation of C(sub epsilon1). It is shown that with the new value of C(sub epsilon1), the performance of the RNG k-epsilon model is substantially improved. On the other hand, while the predictions of the revised RNG second-order closure model are better, some lingering problems still remain which can be easily remedied by the addition of higher order terms.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-187552 , NAS 1.26:187552 , ICASE-91-37 , AD-A236667
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