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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 26 (1998), S. 199-215 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: air-conditioning unit ; k-∊ model ; Reynolds stress model ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Details are given of a study to obtain experimental data in an idealized environment for the purpose of evaluating the corresponding computational predictions and which supplement parallel measurements made in actual packaged air-conditioning units. The system consisted of a purpose-built low-speed wind tunnel with a working section constructed to reproduce particular features of the real units. In the experiment, both the mean velocity profiles and turbulence properties of the flow are obtained from triple-hot-wire anemometry measurements. A numerical model, based on finite volume methodology, was used to obtain the solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible isothermal flow. The Reynolds stress terms in the equations are calculated using the standard k-∊ model and second-moment closure (Reynolds stress) models. The accuracy of the two models was evaluated against the experimental measurements made 10 mm downstream of a baffle. The results show that the standard k-∊ model gave the better agreement except in regions of strong recirculation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 37 (1994), S. 1437-1443 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An alternative quadrilateral element for Reissner - Mindlin plates, which extends the mixed formulation described in Part 1 using linked interpolations, is presented. Differently from element Q4BL presented in Part I, this element (Q4BLa) employs four internal rotation nodes and a linear approximation for transverse shear forces. It is shown that the element passes various patch tests, it does not possess any zero-energy mode and its performance is good for both thick and thin plates.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The expression of Fos protein (Fos immunoreactivity, Fos-ir) was mapped in the brain of rats subjected to an angiotensin-dependent model of thirst and salt appetite. The physiological state associated with water and sodium ingestion was produced by the concurrent subcutaneous administration of the diuretic furosemide (10 mg/kg) and a low dose of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (5 mg/kg; Furo/Cap treatment). The animals were killed 2 h posttreatment, and the brains were processed for Fos-ir to assess neural activation. Furo/Cap treatment significantly increased Fos-ir density above baseline levels both in structures of the lamina terminalis and hypothalamus known to mediate the actions of ANG 2 and in hindbrain regions associated with blood volume and pressure regulation. Furo/Cap treatment also typically increased Fos-ir density in these structures above levels observed after administration of furosemide or captopril separately. Fos-ir was reduced to a greater extent in forebrain than in hindbrain areas by a dose of captopril (100 mg/kg sc) known to block the actions of ACE in the brain. The present work provides further evidence that areas of lamina terminalis subserve angiotensin-dependent thirst and salt appetite.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: American Journal of Physiology (ISSN 0363-6119); 74; R1807-1814
    Format: text
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The subfornical organ (SFO) is sensitive to both ANG II and ACh, and local application of these agents produces dipsogenic responses and vasopressin release. The present study examined the effects of cholinergic drugs, ANG II, and increased extracellular osmolarity on dissociated, cultured cells of the SFO that were retrogradely labeled from the supraoptic nucleus. The effects were measured as changes in cytosolic calcium in fura 2-loaded cells by using a calcium imaging system. Both ACh and carbachol increased intracellular ionic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). However, in contrast to the effects of muscarinic receptor agonists on SFO neurons, manipulation of the extracellular osmolality produced no effects, and application of ANG II produced only moderate effects on [Ca2+]i in a few retrogradely labeled cells. The cholinergic effects on [Ca2+]i could be blocked with the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine and with the more selective muscarinic receptor antagonists pirenzepine and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperdine methiodide (4-DAMP). In addition, the calcium in the extracellular fluid was required for the cholinergic-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. These findings indicate that ACh acts to induce a functional cellular response in SFO neurons through action on a muscarinic receptor, probably of the M1 subtype and that the increase of [Ca2+]i, at least initially, requires the entry of extracellular Ca2+. Also, consistent with a functional role of M1 receptors in the SFO are the results of immunohistochemical preparations demonstrating M1 muscarinic receptor-like protein present within this forebrain circumventricular organ.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology (ISSN 0363-6119); 280; 5; R1592-9
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  • 5
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Glutamate has been implicated in the central control of mechanisms that maintain body fluid homeostasis. The present studies demonstrate that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of the non-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists 6, 7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3 dione (CNQX) induce drinking in rats. The dipsogenic effect of i.c.v. DNQX was antagonized by the non-NMDA receptor agonist alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA). The water intake induced by DNQX was also blocked by pretreatment with a NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, but not by angiotensin type 1 (AT1) or acetylcholine muscarinic receptor antagonists (losartan and atropine). The results indicate that non-NMDA receptors may exert a tonic inhibitory effect within brain circuits that control dipsogenic activity and that functional integrity of NMDA receptors may be required for the non-NMDA receptor antagonists to induce water intake. Copyright 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Brain research (ISSN 0006-8993); 808; 1; 124-7
    Format: text
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