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  • Lepus americanus  (2)
  • Plant carbon/nutrient balance  (1)
  • Plant/herbivore interaction  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen fertilization upon the secondary chemistry and nutritional value of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) leaves for the large aspen tortrix (Choristoneura conflictana (Walker)) (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 73 (1987), S. 513-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Populus tremuloides ; Carbon/nutrient balance ; Choristoneura conflictana ; Plant/herbivore interaction ; Secondary metabolite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We investigated the effects of nitrogen fertilization upon the concentrations of nitrogen, condensed tannin and phenolic glycosides of young quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) leaves and the quality of these leaves as food for larvae of the large aspen tortrix (Choristoneura conflictana), a Lepidopteran that periodically defoliates quaking aspen growing in North America. Nitrogen fertilization resulted in decreased concentrations of condensed tannin and phenolic glycosides in aspen leaves and an increase in their nitrogen concentration and value as food for the large aspen tortrix. These results indicate that plant carbon/nutrient balance influences the quality of aspen leaves as food for the large aspen tortrix in two ways, by increasing the concentrations of positive factors (e.g. nitrogen) and decreasing the concentrations of negative factors (eg. carbon-based secondary metabolites) in leaves. Addition of purified aspen leaf condensed tannin and a methanol extract of young aspen leaves that contained condensed tannin and phenolic glycosides to artificial diets at high and low levels of dietary nitrogen supported this hypothesis. Increasing dietary nitrogen increased larval growth whereas increasing the concentrations of condensed tannin and phenolic glycosides decreased growth. Additionally, the methanol extract prevented pupation. These results indicate that future studies of woody plant/insect defoliator interactions must consider plant carbon/nutrient balance as a potentially important control over the nutritional value of foliage for insect herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379408
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of winter chemical defense in Alaska paper birch and green alder to manipulation of plant carbon/nutrient balance (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 72 (1987), S. 510-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Snowshoe hare ; Birch ; Alder ; Chemical defense ; Plant carbon/nutrient balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plant carbon/nutrient balance has been implicated as an important factor in plant defensive chemistry and palatability to herbivores. We tested this hypothesis by fertilizing juvenile growth form Alaska paper birch and green alder with N, P and N-plus-P in a balanced 2x2 factorial experiment. Additionally, we shaded unfertilized plants of both species. Fertilization with N and N-plus-P increased growth of Alaska paper birch, reduced the concentration of papyriferic acid in internodes and increased the palatability of birch twigs to snowshoe hares. Shading decreased birch growth, decreased the concentration of papyriferic acid in internodes and increased twig palatability. These results indicate that the defensive chemistry and palatability of winter-dormant juvenile Alaska paper birch are sensitive to soil fertility and shade. Conversely the defensive chemistry and palatability of green alder twigs to snowshoe hares were not significantly affected by soil fertility or shade. The greater sensitivity of Alaska paper birch defensive chemistry and palatability to snowshoe hares in comparison to green alder is in agreement with the hypothesis that early successional woody plants that are adapted to high resource availability are more plastic in their chemical responses to the physical environment than are species from less favorable environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378975
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Germacrone defends labrador tea from browsing by snowshoe hares (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1961-1970 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Labrador tea ; Ledum groenlandicum ; snowshoe hare ; Lepus americanus ; herbivore ; plant chemical defense ; germacrone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), a slow-growing late successional evergreen, is highly unpalatable to snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Germacrone, a sesquiterpene that is the major component of the essential oil ofL. groenlandicum, was shown by bioassay to be a potent antifeedant to hares. Its concentrations in leaves and intemodes of the plant are high enough to defendL. groenlandicum from hares. This chemical defense of Labrador tea from herbivory is consistent with the resource availability theory of antiherbivore defense.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020508
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Winter chemical defense of Alaskan balsam poplar against snowshoe hares (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1941-1959 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Balsam poplar ; Populus balsamifera ; snowshoe hare ; Lepus americanus ; plant chemical defense ; herbivore ; cineol ; benzyl alcohol ; bisabolol ; 6-hydroxycyclohexenone ; salicaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Palatabilities of parts and growth stages of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) to snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are related to concentrations of specific plant metabolites that act as antifeedants. Buds are defended from hares by cineol, benzyl alcohol, and (+)-α-bisabolol. Internodes are defended by 6-hydroxycylohexenone (6-HCH) and salicaldehyde. Although defense of interaodes depends upon both compounds, the defense of juvenile internodes is principally related to salicaldehyde concentration; the defense of internode current annual growth is principally related to 6-HCH concentration. The concentration of 6-HCH can be supplemented by the hydrolysis of phenol glycosides when plant tissue is disrupted, raising the possibility of a dynamic element of the chemical defense of poplar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020507
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