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  • 1
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    Composition of the Venus atmosphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: After giving an historical account of the development of Venus atmospheric composition explorations and the various instrumental techniques used in them, attention is given to recommended values for the mixing ratios of gases at altitudes below 100 km. Together with the various constituent groups of gases, their observations, and related processes and models, the mathematical background for current one-dimensional photochemical and transport models is given. Excited species are then discussed, and references to upper limits for the abundances of unobserved gases are listed. Available data on isotopic abundances are assessed, and questions pertinent to the further investigation of the Venus atmosphere's origin and evolution are formulated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Measurement of the Venus lower atmosphere composition - A comparison of results (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The data from seven gas analyzer measurements obtained from Pioneer Venus and the Venera 11 and 12 spacecraft are compared, and the chemical composition of the atmosphere from approximately 700 km to the surface is examined. In and near the clouds, the O2 mixing ratio is a few ten ppm, and the CO mixing ratio is 20-30 ppm. The existence of COS in the lower part of the atmosphere is doubtful, and its mixing ratio at higher altitudes does not exceed a few ppm. SO2 may exist below the clouds at a mixing ratio of about 100 ppm, whereas in the clouds it is less than 10 ppm. A discrepancy in the data still exists for the measurement of the water vapor abundance.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 3
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    Venus thermosphere - In situ composition measurements, the temperature profile, and the homopause altitude (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The neutral mass spectrometer on board the Pioneer Venus multiprobe bus measured composition and structural parameters of the dayside Venus upper atmosphere on 9 December 1978. Carbon dioxide and helium number densities were 6 x 10 to the 9th and 5 x 10 to the 6th per cubic centimeter, respectively, at an altitude of 150 kilometers. The mixing ratios of the both argon-36 and argon-40 were approximately 80 parts per million at an altitude of 135 kilometers. The exospheric temperature from 160 to 170 kilometers was 285 plus or minus 10 K. The helium homopause was found at an altitude of about 137 kilometers.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 203; Feb. 23
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    The upper atmosphere of Venus during morning conditions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The structure and composition of the Venus upper atmosphere between 130- and 650-km altitude were measured for a solar zenith angle of approximately 60 deg by the neutral gas mass spectrometer on board the Pioneer Venus multiprobe bus. Below 180 km a wavelike structure is quite evident in the CO2 and He number density profiles. For altitudes above 100 km a one-dimensional model of the Venus upper atmosphere during morningside conditions (MS model) is presented. Number densities at 150-km altitude are as follows: CO2 equals 4.2 x 10 to the 9th, N2 equals 1.1 x 10 to the 9th, CO equals 2.8 x 10 to the 9th, and He equals 4.8 x 10 to the 6th per cu cm. The homopause altitudes for N2 and He are at 136 and 130 km, respectively.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 5
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    Upper limits on argon isotope abundances in the Venus thermosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: On December 9, 1978 the neutral gas mass spectrometer aboard the NASA Pioneer Venus multiprobe bus has measured density, composition, and temperature of the Venus dayside thermosphere. There was no positive identification of argon down to the lowest measuring altitude of 130 km. For the altitude level of 135 km the following upper limits for the number densities of argon isotopes were derived: n(Ar-36) less than 1.3 times 10 to the 6th power per cu cm and n(Ar-40) less than 2.8 times 10 to the 6th power per cu cm. From our upper atmosphere observations we infer for the troposphere of Venus the following upper limits for the mixing ratios: n(Ar-36)/total number density less than 9 times 10 to the minus 6th power and n(Ar-40)/total number density less than 20 times 10 to the minus 6th power.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Aug. 197
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