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  • 1
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    Constraints on N2 in Neptune's atmosphere from Voyager measurements (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: It is shown that N2 may be present in the troposphere of Neptune in an amount difficult to evaluate but which could easily be as high as 0.003, while there is no evidence that it is present in the atmosphere of Uranus. The estimate of the helium abundance depends on the assumed value for N2. If there is no N2 in the observed region of the atmosphere of Uranus and an N2 mole fraction of 0.003 on Neptune, the central value of the estimates of the helium abundance are equal to 0.26 by mass in both planets, which is close to the protosolar value of 0.28. This would imply that the He/H2 ratios measured in the outer atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune are representative of the ratio in the primitive solar nebula and thus were not modified during planetary formation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 101; 1; p. 168-171.
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  • 2
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    Could icy impacts reconcile Venus with Earth and Mars (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The problem of volatile sources in the martian atomosphere was studied. It is suggested that a combination of an impact by an icy planetesimal (radius about 150 km) and solar wind implantation of neon could explain the noble gas abundances on Venus. Early solar wind would supply the right amount of neon with the correct Ne-20/Ne-22 as compared with lunar soils. However, observations of noble gases in a fresh comet are needed to test this hypothesis.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., MECA Symposium on Mars: Evolution of its Climate and Atmosphere; p 91
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  • 3
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    The temperature of nitrogen on Pluto (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: With Hapke scattering theory and absorption coefficients derived from our laboratory measurements of solid N2 we have modeled the spectrum of Triton. By comparing a Hapke scattering model to the measured spectrum from Triton, we determined the temperature of the N2 on the satellite's surface to be 38 (+2, -1) K which is in accord with the measurements of Voyager 2. Applying this technique to Pluto we find that the temperature of N2 on that body is 40 +/- 2 K. Other aspects of this investigation are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., The Twenty-Fifth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 3: P-Z; p 1419-1420
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  • 4
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    Voyager imaging experiment (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Voyager imaging experiment, which involves two independently operated television systems (a narrow- and a wide-angle camera), is designed to conduct investigations of the atmospheres and surface properties of Jupiter, Saturn, their satellites and Saturn's rings. Objects of the investigations include the horizontal and vertical structure of visible clouds, the vertical structure of high, optically thin scattering layers on Jupiter and Saturn, the Great Red Spot, the South Equatorial Belt, chromophores on Io and Titan, the geology of several satellites, the masses, spin axes and periods of rotation of several satellites, the radial distribution of material in Saturn's rings, and the optical scattering properties of the primaries, rings, and satellites at a variety of wavelengths and phase angles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 21; Nov. 197
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  • 5
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    Deuterium on Venus: Observations from Earth (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In view of the importance of the deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio in understanding the evolutionary scenario of planetary atmospheres and its relationship to understanding the evolution of our own Earth, we undertook a series of observations designed to resolve previous observational conflicts. We observed the dark side of Venus in the 2.3 micron spectral region in search of both H2O and HDO, which would provide us with the D/H ratio in Venus' atmosphere. We identified a large number of molecular lines in the region, belonging to both molecules, and, using synthetic spectral techniques, obtained mixing ratios of 34 plus or minus 10 ppm and 1.3 plus or minus 0.2 ppm for H2O and HDO, respectively. These mixing ratios yield a D/H ratio for Venus of D/H equals 1.9 plus or minus 0.6 times 10 (exp 12) and 120 plus or minus 40 times the telluric ratio. Although the detailed interpretation is difficult, our observations confirm that the Pioneer Venus Orbiter results and establish that indeed Venus had a period in its early history in which it was very wet, perhaps not unlike the early wet period that seems to have been present on Mars, and that, in contrast to Earth, lost much of its water over geologic time.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington, Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1991; p 171
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  • 6
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    New IR observations of Titan and potential of in-situ atmospheric analysis of the outer planets (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Ground based telescopic observations of Titan and outer planet atmospheres are evaluated for their abundances and an effort is made to deduce the various hydrogen-to-carbon ratios. Jupiter and Saturn atmospheres seem to have roughly solar abundances as far as hydrogen and methane are concerned; for Uranus, Titan and Neptune these ratios are way down.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Dynatrend, Inc. Proc. of Outer Planet Probe Technol. Workshop, Sect. 1 through 11; 23 p
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  • 7
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    Water in the deep atmosphere of Venus from high-resolution spectra of the night side (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-02
    Description: High-resolution, near-infrared (1.09 to 2.5 micrometers) spectra of the night side of Venus have been obtained in 1990 and 1991 using the Fourier Transform Spectrometer at the 3.6-m Canada-France-Hawaii telescope. Absorptions due to H2O were detected in spectral windows near 2.3, 1.74, and 1.18 micrometers. Our analysis of these absorptions constrains the abundance of water vapor in three different altitude ranges located between the clouds and the surface: 30-40 km, 15-25 km and 0-15 km. A constant water vapor mixing ratio of 30 +/- 15 ppm below the clouds can fit the observations. These values are consistent with recent near-infrared studies of the night side of Venus at lower spectral resolution. The atmosphere of Venus appears to be dryer than originally suggested by the in-situ measurements made by the Pioneer Venus and Venera mass-spectrometers and gas-chromatographs.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 15; 4; p. (4)79-(4)88
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  • 8
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    Monodeuterated methane in the outer Solar System. Part 3: Its abundance on Titan (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The 3 nu 2 band of CH3D has been detected in spectra of Titan recorded at 1.6 microns with the Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) at the 4 m telescope of the Kitt Peak National Observatory (NOAO). We have obtained a value of the CH3D/CH4 mixing ratio of 6.6 (+6.6 or -3.3) x 10 to the -4 from a comparison between the observed Titan spectra and synthetic spectra. This value is approx. 2 times higher than the value measured on Uranus (de Bergh et al. 1986) and approx. 6 times higher than on Jupiter and on Saturn (Courtin et al. 1984; de Bergh et al. 1986). It corresponds to D/H of 1.65 (+1.65 or -0.8) x 10 the -4, nominally 8 times higher than the most commonly accepted value for the protosolar D/H = 2 x 10 to the -5 (Geiss and Reeves 1981). The value we find on Titan for D/H in methane is comparable to the D/H ratio measured in terrestrial H2O.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-180254 , NAS 1.26:180254
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  • 9
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    The atmospheres of icy bodies (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Ices are considered as the major volatile-carrying solid in the outer solar system. As such, they play a major role in forming atmospheres of icy satellites and the comas of comets and they have probably contributed to the enrichment of heavy elements in outer planet atmospheres. A possible role for clathrate hydrates in causing the activity of distant comets and sub-surface processes on icy satellites seems worthy of further study.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 10
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    Measurements of the D/H ratio in planetary atmospheres by ground based infrared spectroscopy (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A systematic study of deuterium in the solar system using the molecules CH3D and HDO as tracers is carried out. For the outer solar system, ground-based spectra of Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Titan in the region of CH3D absorptions near, 1.6 microns are obtained. The analyses of these spectra required extensive high-resolution laboratory studies of both CH4 and CH3D. For the terrestrial planets, the spectrum of Mars in the region of HDO absorption near 3.7 microns, is recorded. A similar study of Venus is underway. The values of D/H derived from these investigations are used to constrain models for the origin and evolution of the various atmospheres.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: ESA, Infrared Spectroscopy in Astronomy,; p 41-47
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