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  • 1
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    Surface compositions in the Aristarchus Region: Implications for regional stratigraphy (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Near infrared reflectance spectra for the Aristachus region, obtained using the 2.2m UH telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatory, were reduced and analyzed. The spectra obtained for the central peak, southern floor, southwestern wall, eastern wall, and northwestern wall of Aristachus crater exhibit shallow continuum slopes, relatively strong feldspar bands, pyroxene bands stronger than those typically seen in the spectra of fresh higland features, and pyroxene band centers near l micrometer suggesting the dominance of Ca rich clinopyroxene. The spectrum of the south rim of Aristachus is quite distinct from those of other crater units. The position of Aristrchus on the plateau/mare boundary raises questions concerning compositional variations in crater ejects deposits.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 250-252
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  • 2
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    Lunar scout missions: Galileo encounter results and application to scientific problems and exploration requirements (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Lunar Scout Missions (payload: x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, high-resolution stereocamera, neutron spectrometer, gamma-ray spectrometer, imaging spectrometer, gravity experiment) will provide a global data set for the chemistry, mineralogy, geology, topography, and gravity of the Moon. These data will in turn provide an important baseline for the further scientific exploration of the Moon by all-purpose landers and micro-rovers, and sample return missions from sites shown to be of primary interest from the global orbital data. These data would clearly provide the basis for intelligent selection of sites for the establishment of lunar base sites for long-term scientific and resource exploration and engineering studies. The two recent Galileo encounters with the Moon (December, 1990 and December, 1992) illustrate how modern technology can be applied to significant lunar problems. We emphasize the regional results of the Galileo SSI to show the promise of geologic unit definition and characterization as an example of what can be done with the global coverage to be obtained by the Lunar Scout Missions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 2: G-M; p 625-626
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  • 3
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    Martian surface analogs: Laboratory spectral studies in the mid infrared (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Ground-based telescopic reflectance spectra and analyses of Viking data have led to the conclusion that Martian surface fines are derived from a mafic to ultramafic source material, though the actual composition of these surface fines is still undetermined. A variety of possible compositions were proposed by several authors, however, with salts, particularly sulfates and carbonates, as important components in many of these models. Although salts are predicted components of the Martian surface, they are not identified in telescopic reflectance spectroscopic observations to date. One explanation for the absence of salts in these data is that they are not in quantities large enough to detect. This study was undertaken to determine the detectability of salts in various proposed Martian surface analog mixtures. This study concentrates on the carbonates and sulfate spectral features in the 2.5 to 25 micrometer spectral range because of recent work showing the usefulness of weak bands in the mid infrared for the remote sensing of particulate planetary surfaces. All measurements were made using a Nicolet 5SXC FTIR spectrometer with a bidirectional reflectance attachment, which uses an aluminum mirror as the background against which the sample is compared.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., MEVTV Workshop on Nature and Composition of Surface Units on Mars; p 129-131
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  • 4
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    Mars: Definition and characterization of global surface units with emphasis on composition (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Viking 2 approach maps of red and violet normal albedo are used to define units of similar optical properties for a large area of the Martian surface. Computer processing of these data reveals clusters of albedo values relating to specific, contiguous regions of the planet, with some unit boundaries being of a gradational nature while others are more discrete. A study of the albedo properties of analog materials measured in the laboratory, and of telescopic spectrophotometry of Mars, indicates that both hydroxylated and hematitic oxidized materials exist on the surface. The most probable surface expression of global dust and/or high albedo soils is in the classical bright region, Arabia. Most low albedo features in the region studied have red and violet albedos that are consistent with a dark substrate, such as basalt, coated by, or mixed with, a fine grained alteration product.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 5
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    Asteroid amphitrite: Surface composition and prospects for the possible Galileo flyby (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Studies of the trajectory of the Galileo mission to Jupiter recently revealed that the spacecraft can pass close to one of the largest asteroids (#29 Amphitrite). NASA has therefore altered the mission plan of the Galileo spacecraft to include a possible close flyby of Amphitrite in early December 1986, if the condition of the spacecraft allows. If this option is actually implemented, Amphitrite will become the only asteroid for which any high-spatial resolution images and reflection spectra will be available. To evaluate the value of this data and place Amphitrite in the context of the more than 600 asteroids for which some compositional information exists. Existing data was reexamined, new telescopic spectra of Amphitrite were obtained, and simulated Galileo data sets were constructed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. 16th Lunar and Planetary Sci. Conf.; p 1-5
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  • 6
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    Optical remote sensing of asteroid surfaces from spacecraft (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Reflectance spectroscopy and multispectral mapping are the techniques likely to be most useful for determining asteroid surfaces. Several other techniques should be considered for providing complementary information.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Asteroids; p 265-273
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  • 7
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    Asteroid surface mineralogy: Evidence from earth-based telescope observations (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The interpretation of asteroid reflectance spectrophotometry in terms of mineralogical types gives inferred mineral assemblages for about 60 asteroids. Asteroid surface materials are compared with similar materials that make up many meteorites. The absence of asteroids with spectra that match identically the ordinary chondrites is noted.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Asteroids; p 109-125
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  • 8
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    Spectral Units on Europa and Ganymede (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Comparisons of Europa and Ganymede multispectral data show that Ganymede is less spectrally variable than Europa. Four major spectral units dominate Ganymede, corresponding to the ancient cratered terrain and the grooved terrain in the leading and trailing hemispheres. A hemispheric asymmetry in UV absorption definitely exists on Ganymede, although it is not so strong as that on Europa. Comparison of normalized spectra for the four major units shows that the sense of the asymmetry (more absoption toward shorter wavelengths on the trailing hemisphere) is also the same on the two bodies. This hemispheric asymmetry is interpreted as evidence of alteration of the surface by magnetospheric bombardment or micrometorite bombardment. It is concluded that the pattern observed represents a steady state involving both of these exogenic modifying agents. The spectral changes which could be produced by these two processes are grain size alteration and changes in composition. The spectral effects of variation in water ice grain size are fairly well known. Laboratory experiments are being conducted to study the spectral effects of sulfur irradiation on water ice.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Repts. of Planetary Geol. and Geophys. Program, 1984; p 413-414
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  • 9
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    Near-earth asteroids - Possible sources from reflectance spectroscopy (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The diversity of reflectance spectra noted among near-earth asteroids that were compared with selected asteroids, planets and satellites to determine possible source regions is indicative of different mineralogical composition and, accordingly, of more than one source region. Spectral signatures that are similar to those of main belt asteroids support models deriving some of these asteroids from the 5:2 Kirkwood gap and the Flora family, by way of gravitational perturbations. The differences in composition found between near-earth asteroids and planetary and satellite surfaces are in keeping with theoretical arguments that such bodies should not be sources. While some near-earth asteroids furnish portions of the earth's meteorite flux, other sources must also contribute.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 229; 160-163
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  • 10
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    Visible spectral reflectance measurements /0.33-1.1 microns/ of the Galilean satellites at many orbital phase angles (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: One hundred eighty-seven reflectance spectra (0.33-1.10 microns) of the Galilean satellites have been obtained. Solar phase angle color correction coefficients were derived and the spectra corrected to a solar phase of 6 deg. Solar phase angle coefficients beyond 0.55 micron are presented for the first time. The spectra as a function of orbital phase angle are presented in the form of images to display hemispheric spectral variations. Io and Europa are redder on their trailing hemispheres while Callisto is redder on its leading hemisphere. Ganymede shows small longitudinal color variations despite the complex albedo structure visible in Voyager images. Comparisons of these data with previous measurements reveal that most differences can be attributed to the solar calibration. Reflectance measurements of Io at 0.73 micron observed 8.5 years apart show a 6% global reflectance decrease. However, it is difficult to unambiguously attribute this particular decrease in reflectance to a change in Io's surface composition.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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