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  • 1
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    The brightness of Jupiter's satellite Io following emergence from eclipse - Selected observations, 1981-1989 (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Io's brightness was monitored following emergence from eclipse by Jupiter on 14 occasions during the Jupiter apparitions from 1981 to 1989 and no instance is found of what has been called posteclipse brightening. If all the observations are averaged, a 2 percent effect cannot be ruled out; however, this effect is also the size of the rms errors of the summed data set. If condensation followed by sublimation of SO2 frost is hypothesized to be the mechanism which causes posteclipse brightening, then solar insolation alone may not be sufficient to remove an optically thick layer of SO2 frost in the time required to conform with the positive reports of posteclipse brightening in the literature. An additional source of energy is required, such as warming caused by the impact of magnetospheric particles as they dissipate the energy of their motion into Io's surface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 101; 2; p. 223-233.
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  • 2
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    Temperature and thermal emissivity of the surface of Neptune's satellite Triton (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Analysis of the preliminary results from the Voyager mission to the Neptune system has provided the scientific community with several methods by which the temperature of Neptune's satellite Triton may be determined. If the 37.5 K surface temperature reported by several Voyager investigations is correct, then the photometry reported by the imaging experiment on Voyager requires that Triton's surface have a remarkably low emissivity. Such a low emissivity is not required in order to explain the photometry from the photopolarimeter experiment on Voyager. A low emissivity would be inconsistent with Triton having a rough surface at the about 100-micron scale as might be expected given the active renewal processes which appear to dominate Triton's surface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 250; 429-431
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  • 3
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    Observations of Neptunian rings by Voyager Photopolarimeter Experiment (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Voyager Photopolarimeter Experiment detected the Neptunian rings 1989N1R and possibly 1989N2R. These rings were also photographed by the Voyager imaging cameras in August 1989. The firm detection of 1989N1R has an equivalent depth (the product of the radial width and mean normal optical depth) of 0.77 + or - 0.13 km, while a less certain detection of 1989N2R has an equivalent depth of 0.7 km + or - 0.2 km. Several statistical techniques were used to search for additional material in the Neptune ring system, and none was identified at a high confidence level.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 17; 1745-174
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  • 4
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    Spectral geometric albedo and bolometric Bond albedo of Neptune's satellite Triton from Voyager observations (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The spectral geometric albedo and the bolometric Bond albedo of Triton are calculated using data from the Voyager spacecraft photopolarimeter and science experiments. The geometric albedo is not inconsistent with the presence of a weak absorption feature in Triton's spectrum near 0.75 micron. The bolometric Bond albedo (0.65) is consistent with the 38 K daytime surface temperature of Triton. The results are also in agreement with the 37.5 K temperature of nitrogen at an infrared basal pressure of 14 microbar.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 17; 1761-176
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  • 5
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    Infrared observations of the Neptunian system (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Voyager 2's IR observations of Neptune encompass thermal emissions and broadband radiometer measurements of reflected solar radiation. Temperature maps were obtained for the planet between 80 deg S and 30 deg N for two atmospheric layers, one in the lower stratosphere and the other in the troposphere. The relatively warm pole and equator, with cooler midlatitudes, are qualitatively similar to Uranus, despite the two planets' very different obliquities and internal heat fluxes. Powerful wavelike longitudinal thermal structure is noted, of which some appears to be associated with the Great Dark Spot; a localized cold region uncorrelated with any visible feature is found in the lower stratosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 246; 1454-145
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  • 6
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    Infrared observations of the Uranian system (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Initial results are presented from analyses of IR interferometer spectrometer data collected by Voyager 2 during passes of Uranus and the moons Miranda and Ariel. The data covered reflected solar radiation in the visible and near-IR and thermal emissions between 25 and 50 microns. An equatorial atmospheric He mole fraction of 0.10-0.20 and a mass fraction of 0.16-0.34 was observed for Uranus. Para-hydrogen was also a significant fraction Uranus CH4 atmosphere. Average polar and equatorial spectra were employed to generate vertical temperature profiles between 60-900 mbar, with the finding that the temperatures at the equator and the poles are markedly similar between 400-900 mbar. The effective temperature of Uranus had a calculated upper limit of about 59.4 K, while the subsolar temperatures of Miranda and Arial were around 86 and 84 K, respectively. The albedos of the two satellites indicated surface microstructures composed of isotopically scattering grains.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 233; 70-74
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  • 7
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    Photometry from Voyager 2 - Initial results from the Uranian atmosphere, satellites, and rings (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of Voyager 2 photopolarimetry (PPS) surveys of Uranus, the ring system, occultation experiments and observations of the Uranian moons are reported. Dual-channel photometry and polarimetry data obtained of the atmosphere at various emission and phase angles are delineated and compared with characteristics of the Saturn and Jupiter atmospheres. The results of temperature, UV absorption and density profile calculations are also discussed. Extensive ring dimensional data, based on two occultation experiments, are provided in tabular form noting that the rings contain no dust. Finally, the geometric albedos of the five major moons and the phase curve of the moon Titania are presented. The latter data indicate that Titanian surface features are not the result of recent events such as volcanism or ice slurry outflows.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 233; 65-70
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  • 8
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    Cassini: Mission to Saturn and Titan (1992)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Cassini Mission to Saturn and Titan represents an important step into the exploration of the outerplanets. It will expand on the flyby encounters of Pioneer and Voyager and parallel the detailed exploration of the Jupiter system to be accomplished by the Galileo Mission. By continuing the study of the two giant planets and enabling detailed comparisons of their structure and behavior, Cassini will provide a tremendous insight into the formation and evolution of the solar system. In addition, by virtue of its focus on the Saturnian satellite Titan, Cassini will return detailed data on an environment whose atmospheric chemistry may resemble that of the primitive Earth. The scientific objectives can be divided into five categories: Titan, Saturn, rings, icy satellites, and magnetospheres. The key area of interest to exobiologists is Titan; the other four scientific categories will be discussed briefly to provide a comprehensive overview of the Cassini Mission.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Exobiology in Solar System Exploration; p 229-248
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  • 9
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    Mass of Saturn's A ring (1993)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The mass of Saturn's A ring is reestimated using the behavior of spiral density waves embedded in the ring. The Voyager photopolarimeter (PPS) observed the star delta-Scorpii as it was occulted by Saturn's rings during the Voyager 2 flyby of Saturn in 1981 producing a radial profile of the rings. We examined forty spiral density waves in the Voyager PPS data of the A ring including 10 weaker waves that have not been previously analyzed by means of an autoregressive power spectral technique called Burg. The strengths of this new method for ring studies are that weaker, less extended waves are easily detected and characterized. This method is also the first one which does not require precise knowledge of the resonance location and phase of the wave in order to calculate the surface mass density. Uncertainties of up to 3 km are present in the currently available radial scales for Saturn's rings.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 2: G-M; p 671-672
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  • 10
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    Planetary ring studies (1991)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The following topics are covered: (1) characterization of the fine scale structure in Saturn's A and B rings; (2) ballistic transport modeling and evolution of fine ring structure; (3) faint features in the rings of Saturn; (4) the Encke moonlet; (5) dynamics in ringmoon systems; (6) a nonclassical radiative transfer model; and (7) particle properties from stellar occultation data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington, Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 1990; p 449-451
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