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  • 1
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    Galilean satellites and Jovian energetic particles (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The observed infrared temperatures of the four Galilean satellites, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, are inconsistent with their equilibrium temperatures. Since these satellites appear to have little or no atmosphere, the discrepancies may be explained as due to the heating of their surfaces by energetic particles from Jupiter's radiation belts. The required energy fluxes are not entirely unreasonable and decrease with the distance of the satellite orbit from Jupiter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 190; Nov. 7
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    The atmosphere of Io (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of Io suggest that it may have an atmosphere in which sodium vapor, ammonia, and nitrogen are important constituents. Several atmospheric models consisting of these gases are tested as a function of total content against the Pioneer 10 observations and for stability against escape. The results suggest that the atmosphere is very tenuous and that the interpretation of the ionosphere detected by Pioneer 10 by a static model may be inconsistent with the sodium-cloud observations. It is postulated that ionization may also be escaping and that sodium may be comparable in content in the atmosphere with some molecular constituent such as NH3 or N2. Sodium and this molecular component then dominate the atmosphere. It is also suggested that particle precipitation contributes to heating of the atmosphere and to the production of ionization; the difference between day- and nighttime ionospheres and possible trailing and leading side effects may relate to the nature of the particle energy distributions. These distributions may result from the peculiar interaction of Io with the Jovian magnetosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 29; Dec. 197
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Merits of flywheels for spacecraft energy storage (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Flywheel energy storage systems which have a very good potential for use in spacecraft are discussed. This system can be superior to alkaline secondary batteries and regenerable fuel cells in most of the areas that are important in spacecraft applications. Of special importance, relative to batteries, are lighter weight, longer cycle and operating life, and high efficiency which minimizes solar array size and the amount of orbital makeup fuel required. Flywheel systems have a long shelf life, give a precise state of charge indication, have modest thermal control needs, are capable of multiple discharges per orbit, have simple ground handling needs, and have characteristics which would be useful for military applications. The major disadvantages of flywheel energy storage systems are that: power is not available during the launch phase without special provisions; and in flight failure of units may force shutdown of good counter rotating units, amplifying the effects of failure and limiting power distribution system options; no inherent emergency power capability unless specifically designed for, and a high level of complexity compared with batteries. The potential advantages of the flywheel energy storage system far outweigh the disadvantages.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 75-89
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Flywheel energy storage for spacecraft (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Flywheel energy storage systems have been studied to determine their potential for use in spacecraft. This system was found to be superior to alkaline secondary batteries and regenerative fuel cells in most of the areas that are important in spacecraft applications. Of special importance, relative to batteries, are lighter weight, longer cycle and operating life, and high efficiency which minimizes solar array size and the amount of orbital makeup fuel required. In addition, flywheel systems have a long shelf life, give a precise state of charge indication, have modest thermal control needs, are capable of multiple discharges per orbit, have simple ground handling needs, and have the capability of generating extremely high power for short durations.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: IECEC ''84: Advanced energy systems - Their role in our future; Aug 19, 1984 - Aug 24, 1984; San Francisco, CA
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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