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  • Chemistry  (132)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (9)
  • Magnetism
  • 1990-1994  (141)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physik (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 25 (1991), S. viii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19910250212
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
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    The upper clouds of Venus: Determination of the scale height from NIMS-Galileo infrared data (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The 3-5 micrometer thermal emission of the nightside of Venus, recorded by the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) instrument at the time of the Galileo flyby of Venus, is analysed to infer the properties of the upper cloud boundary. From the global maps of Venus at fixed wavelengths, the limb darkening of the flux is measured at several latitudes, within each infrared channel. By using the nominal Pioneer Venus thermal profile, these data give access to two parameters: the cloud deck temperature and the cloud scale height. It is verified independently, from the NIMS spectra, that this thermal profile is consistent with all the NIMS observations, and that the thermal structure does not vary significantly in the latitude range (25 deg S, 30 deg N). Within this range, the cloud scale height is found to be constant with latitude, and is H = 5.2 km, with an accuracy of about 15%, taking into account the various sources of theoretical and observational uncertainties. At higher latitudes, the temperature profile becomes more isothermal and the presented method to retrieve H is no longer valid.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 41; 7; p. 505-514
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Latitudinal distribution of carbon monoxide in the deep atmosphere of Venus (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A large number of i.r. spectra of Venus was obtained using the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) on the Galileo spacecraft, during the February 1990 encounter. Preliminary results show an apparent increase in the tropospheric CO volume mixing ratio (vmr) in the northern polar region. Other possible explanations of the observations are examined and rejected and an increase of the CO abundance north of 47 deg N of (35 +/- 15)% is inferred. Some possible causes of this enhancement are suggested.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 41; 7; p. 487-494
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Search for spatial variations of the H2O abundance in the lower atmosphere of Venus from NIMS-Galileo (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The spectroscopic data of the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS), recorded during the Galileo flyby of Venus, are analysed to retrieve the water vapor abundance variations in the lower atmosphere of Venus at night. The 1.18 micrometer spectral window, which probes altitude levels below 20 km, is used for this purpose. Constraints on the CO2 continuum and far-wing opacity from existing ground-based high-resolution observations are included in the modelling of the NIMS spectra. The NIMS measurements can be fitted with a water vapor mixing ratio of 30 +/- 15 ppm, in agreement with analyses of ground-based nightside observations. The water vapor abundance shows no horizontal variations exceeding 20% over a wide latitude range (40 deg S, 50 deg N) on the nightside of Venus. Within the same selection of NIMS spectra, a large enhancement in the O2 fluorescence emission at 1.27 micrometer is observed at a latitude of 40 deg S, over a spatial area about 100 km wide.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 41; 7; p. 495-504
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  • 5
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    Variations in Venus cloud particle properties: A new view of Venus's cloud morphology as observed by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Using Venus nightside data obtained by the Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS), we have studied the correlation of 1.74 and 2.30 micrometer radiation which is transmitted through the clouds. Since the scattering and absorption properties of the cloud particles are different at these two wavelengths, one can distinguish between abundance variations and variations in the properties of the cloud particles themselves. The correlation of intensities shows a clustering of data into five distinct branches. Using radiative transfer calculations, we interpret these branches as regions of distinct but different mixes of Mode 2' and 3 particles. The data and calculations indicate large differences in these modal ratios, the active cloud regions varying in content from nearly pure Mode 2' particles to almost wholly Mode 3. The spatial distribution of these branches shows large scale sizes and both hemispheric symmetries and asymmetries. High-latitude concentrations of large particles are seen in both hemispheres and there is banded structure of small particles seen in both the North and South which may be related. The mean particle size in the Northern Hemisphere is greater than found in the South. If these different branch regions are due to mixing of vertically stratified source regions (e.g. photochemical and condensation source mechanisms), then the mixing must be coherent over very large spatial scales.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 41; 7; p. 477-485
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  • 6
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    Modeling Titan's thermal infrared spectrum for high-resolution space observations (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The observability of minor species in Titan's atmosphere in its infrared thermal range is systematically studied and modeled to generate synthetic spectra. The model results on methane, water vapor, benzene, allene, and other heavier trace molecules are used to illustrate the capabilities of instruments aboard the Infrared Space Observatory, in particular a high-resolution composite infrared spectrometer, to determine vertical distributions of the molecules in a few hours of integration time.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 102; 2; p. 240-260.
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  • 7
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    Probing Venus's cloud structure with Galileo NIMS (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The spectral image cubes obtained by the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) on Galileo as it flew by Venus have been analyzed to constrain the vertical structure of the clouds, the nature of the aerosol particles, and the location and particle properties of the opacity variations responsible for high-contrast features observed in the near-infrared windows at 1.7 and 2.3 micrometers. A radiative transfer program was used to simulate mid-latitude curves of limb darkening at 3.7 micrometers. Best-fit models to these curves demonstrate that the upper clouds are dominated by mode 2 particles (r-bar = 1.0 micrometers), with a contribution of approximately 15% of opacity from mode 1 particles (r-bar = 0.3 micrometers). The low-latitude upper cloud is well represented by a dual scale-height model, with a particle scale height of approximately 1 km from an altitude of 61-63 km, and a scale height of approximately 6 km above this, up to the level where tau = 1 at approximately 71 km. This model also successfully simulates limb-darkening curves at 11.5 micrometers from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Infrared Radiometer. Successful simulations of correlation plots of 1.7 vs 2.3 micrometers intensities reveal that mode 3 particles (r-bar = 3.65 micrometers) represent the dominant source of opacity in the lower and middle clouds, and that variation in total cloud opacity reflects chiefly the addition and removal of mode 3 particles near the cloud base. We find that the full spectrum of brightnesses at 1.7 and 2.3 micrometers implies that the total cloud optical depth varies from approximately 25 to approximately 40.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 41; 7; p. 515-542
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  • 8
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    Earth global mosaic observations with NIMS-Galileo (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: During the Earth-1 Galileo flyby (December 1990), the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) experiment investigated the illuminated side of the Earth in the spectral range 0.7-5.2 micrometers. Mosaics of the entire terrestrial globe were recorded with a spatial resolution ranging from 100 to 500 km. From these spectra, information is retrieved upon the large-scale temperature structure in the stratosphere and in the mesosphere (0-70 km altitude range) from the inversion of the CO2 bands at 4.3 and 4.8 micrometers. These data also permit monitoring of the cloud temperatures, and derivation of the abundances of several minor atmospheric constituents (H2O, CO, N2O, CH4 and O3). These observations constitute a continuation of the study of the atmospheres of the three planets (i.e. Venus, the Earth and Jupiter) targeted by the Galileo spacecraft during its mission. Observing these atmospheres with the NIMS instrument in the near-infrared will provide a unique data set, useful for comparative planetary studies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 41; 7; p. 551-561
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Exposure history of the lunar meteorite, Elephant Moraine 87521 (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We report the noble gas concentrations and the Al-26, Be-10, Cl-36, and Ca-41 activities of the Antarctic lunar meteorite Elephant Moraine 87521. Although the actual exposure history of the meteorite may have been more complex, the following model history accounts satisfactorily for the cosmogenic nuclide data: A first stage of lunar irradiation for about 1 Ma at a depth of 1-5 g/sq cm followed, not necessarily directly, by a second one for 26 Ma at about 565 g/sq cm; launch from the moon less than 0.1 Ma ago; and arrival on earth 15-50 ka ago. The small concentration of trapped gases shows that except for some material that may have been introduced at the moment of launch, EET 87521 spent less than 1 Ma at a lunar depth less than 1 g/sq cm. EET 87521 has a K/Ar age in the range 3.0-3.4 Ga, which is typical for lunar mare basalts.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN 0016-7037); 57; 15; p. 3793-3799.
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  • 10
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    A model for the production of cosmogenic nuclides in chondrites (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A model is presented for calculating the production rates of cosmic-ray-produced He, Ne, and Ar as well as Be-10, Al-26, and Mn-53 in chondrites of variable size and shape. The predictions of this model are compared with published data for the meteorites ALH78084, St. Severin, and Keyes. The agreement is found to be about 5 percent for the concentrations of Be-10, Ne-21, Ne-22, Ar-38, and Mn-53, and to be better than 1 percent for the Ne-22/Ne-21 ratios. The correlation between P(Be-10)/P(Ne-21) and Ne-22/Ne-21 ratios is experimentally verified over a wide range of irradiation conditions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN 0016-7037); 54; 2521-253
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