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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (21)
  • LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)  (13)
  • 1
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    Cellular immunity and lymphokine production during spaceflights (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented on changes in cellular immunity and in the production of lymphokine in spacecrews during spaceflights. Measurements were carried out on blood samples collected from 50 cosmonauts before and after spaceflights of different duration, on board Salyut-6, Salyut-7, or Mir. Additional data were obtained from rats flown on board the Cosmos-1667 and Cosmos-1887 biosatellites. The parameters measured included the PHA responsiveness of T lymphocytes, the activity of T-helper cells and of nonspecific T suppressors, the activity of the so-called natural killer lymphocytes, the production of gamma-interferon, and the cell-surface markers. Results showed that the frequency and the extent of changes in the immunologic resistance of subjects depended on the duration of the flight. However, even after the most prolonged (365 days) spaceflight, the changes observed were mostly of a functional character with subsequent rapid return to normal.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 34; 1, Fe
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  • 2
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    Effect of space flight on cell-mediated immunity (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The cell-mediated immune response to Listeria monocytogenes was studied in rats subjected to 20 days of flight aboard the Soviet biosatellite Kosmos 7820. Groups of rats were immunized with 1,000,000 formalin-killed Listeria suspended in Freunds Complete Adjuvant, 5 days prior to flight. Immunized rats subjected to the same environmental factors as the flight rats, except flight itself, and immunized and nonimmunized rats held in a normal animal colony served as controls. Following recovery, lymphocyte cultures were harvested from spleens of all rats, cultured in vitro in the presence of L. monocytogenes antigens, Phytohemagglutinin, Conconavlin A, or purified protein derivative (PPD), and measured for their uptake of H-3-thymidine. Although individual rats varied considerably, all flight and immunized control rats gave a blastogenic response to the Listeria antigens and PPD. With several mitogens, the lymphocytes of flight rats showed a significantly increased blastogenic response over the controls. The results of this study do not support a hypothesis of a detrimental effect of space flight on cell-mediated immunity. The data suggest a possible suppressive effect of stress and gravity on an in vitro correlate of cell-mediated immunity.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Effect of a prolonged stay in a locked environment on the microbial flora in dogs (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ten purebred Beagle dogs (all males) were used to determine the effect of a prolonged stay in a locked environment (i.e., no exogenous microbial contamination) on the microbial flora. At monthly intervals the microbial profile (feces, nose, and throat) of each dog was assessed. After 12 months it was found there was no drastic alteration or simplification of the microbial profile of isolated or control dogs. Although isolated dogs had slightly higher levels of anaerobic bacteria and somewhat lower levels of enterococci, the major groups of anaerobic, aerobic, and facultative bacteria remained qualitatively and quantitatively similar for the 12-month study period. Although they were only minor components of the fecal flora, Candida albicans and Shigella sonnei were consistently isolated in larger numbers from the dogs in the locked environment.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Nov. 197
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  • 4
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    Experiment K-6-23. Effect of spaceflight on levels and function of immune cells (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Two different immunology experiments were performed on samples received from rats flown on Cosmos 1887. In the first experiment, rat bone marrow cells were examined in Moscow for their response to colony stimulating factor-M. In the second experiment, rat spleen and bone marrow cells were stained in Moscow with a variety of antibodies directed against cell surface antigenic markers. These cells were preserved and shipped to the United States where they were subjected to analysis on a flow cytometer. The results of the studies indicate that bone marrow cells from flown rats showed a decreased response to colony stimulating factor than did bone marrow cells from control rats. There was a higher percentage of spleen cells from flown rats staining positively for pan-T-cell, suppressor-T-cell and innate interleukin-2 receptor antigens than from control animals. In addition, a higher percentage of cells that appeared to be part of the myelogenous population of bone marrow cells from flown rats stained positively for surface immunoglobulin than did equivalent cells from control rats.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: The US Experiments Flown on the Soviet Biosatellite Cosmos 1887; p 471-480
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  • 5
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    Effect of simulated weightlessness on the immune system in rats (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Rats suspended in a model system designed to simulate many aspects of weightlessness were immunized with sheep red blood cells. Parameters measured on these and control rats included titers of anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies, serum immunoglobulin levels, spleen and thymus weights, hematocrits, and leukocyte differential counts on peripheral blood. No significant differences were found between test and weight-bearing, harnessed controls; however, the thymuses of animals in both these groups were significantly smaller than untreated cage controls. The lack of an effect of simulated weightlessness on the immune system is an interesting result, and its significance is discussed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 6
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    A suspension model for hypokinetic/hypodynamic and antiorthostatic responses in the mouse (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Hypokinetic/hypodynamic and antiorthostatic responses to weightlessness and bedrest were simulated in mice using a suspension technique. Animals were suspended for 1 or 2 weeks in an antiorthostatic posture and positioned to permit freedom of movement but eliminate load bearing by the hindlimbs. Suspended mice exhibited reduced food and water intakes and a rapid 10 percent decrease in body weight to a level which was maintained for the remainder of the suspension period. Diuresis was evident in suspended mice, but the natriuresis and kaliuresis previously observed in the suspended rat were not evident. Differential hindlimb muscle atrophy and increased excretion of urea and ammonia were also noted in suspended mice. Postsuspension recovery studies indicated that the recovery process was highly effective. These results document specific responses in the mouse and similarities in the responses of mice and rats to suspension. These studies expand the utility of the suspension model and suggest that the mouse may be useful in future studies simulating both weightlessness and bedrest.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-0562); 55; 612-616
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  • 7
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    Effect of 30 months in a locked environment on the microbial flora of dogs (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It has been proposed that the microbial flora of mammals would simplify to a few microbial species if the host animal was confined to a 'locked' environment and provided with sterile food, water, and air. This paper updates information on the microbial profile (feces, nose and throat) of purebred beagles housed in the above-mentioned conditions through a 30-month study period and demonstrates that no drastic decrease or simplification of the microbial profile occurred in isolated or control dogs.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 8
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    Spaceflight alters immune cell function and distribution (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Experiments are described which were performed onboard Cosmos 2044 to determine spaceflight effects on immunologically important cell function and distribution. Results indicate that bone marrow cells from flown and suspended rats exhibited a decreased response to a granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor compared with the bone marrow cells from control rats. Bone marrow cells showed an increase in the percentage of cells expressing markers for helper T-cells in the myelogenous population and increased percentages of anti-asialo granulocyte/monocyte-1-bearing interleulin-2 receptor bearing pan T- and helper T-cells in the lymphocytic population.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology, Supplement (ISSN 8750-7587); 73; 2 Au
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  • 9
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    Effect of spaceflight on natural killer cell activity (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The effects of spaceflight on immune cell function were determined in rats flown on Cosmos 2044. Control groups included vivarium, synchronous, and antiorthostatically suspended rats. The ability of natural killer cells to lyse two different target cell lines was determined. Spleen and bone marrow cells obtained from flight rats showed significantly inhibited cytotoxicity for YAC-1 target cells compared with cells from synchronous control rats. This could have been due to exposure of the rats to microgravity. Antiorthostatic suspension did not affect the level of cytotoxicity from spleen cells of suspended rats for YAC-1 cells. On the other hand, cells from rats flown in space showed no significant differences from vivarium and synchronous control rats in cytotoxicity for K-562 target cells. Binding of natural killer cells to K-562 target cells was unaffected by spaceflight. Antiorthostatic suspension resulted in higher levels of cytotoxicity from spleen cells for Cr-51-labeled K-562 cells. The results indicate differential effects of spaceflight on function of natural killer cells. This shows that spaceflight has selective effects on the immune response.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology, Supplement (ISSN 8750-7587); 73; 2 Au
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  • 10
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    Effects of spaceflight on levels and activity of immune cells (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Experiments were carried out on cells from rats that had been flown on Soviet Biosputnik Cosmos 1887 to explore the effects of speceflight on immune responses. Rat bone marrow cells were examined for their response to colony stimulating factor-M. Rat spleen and bone marrow cells were stained with antibodies directed against cell surface antigenic markers. The results of the studies indicate that bone marrow cells from flown rats showed a decreased response to colony stimulating factor. There was a higher percentage of spleen cells from flown rats staining positively for pan-T-cell, suppressor-T-cell, and interleukin-2 receptor cell surface antigens. A small increase in the percentage of cells staining positively for helper-T-cell antigens was also noted. In addition, a higher percentage of cells that appeared to be part of the myelogenous population of bone marrow cells from flown rats stained positively for surface immunoglobulin.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 61; 648-653
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