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Microbial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (1997)

Lewis, T A ; Ederer, M M ; Crawford, R L ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1997), S. 89-96

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ISSN: 1476-5535

Keywords: Keywords: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; TNT; biodegradation; bioremediation; munitions

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology

Notes: The manufacture and decommissioning of explosives has generated, and continues to generate, large quantities of waste material whose primary toxic and mutagenic component is 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The magnitude of this problem has motivated a great deal of research into treatment processes and environmental fate studies, including characterization of microbial transformations of TNT. This work has encompassed studies with mixed cultures and pure cultures of microorganisms derived from either TNT-exposed or unexposed sources, and studies using microorganisms chosen for their known capacities to degrade other pollutants. Several of these studies are discussed with regard to whether they identified a process that may lead to the complete detoxification or mineralization of TNT. Since oxygen can have a significant influence on the types of biochemical reactions that can occur and on the oxidation of intermediates of TNT transformation processes, studies in which oxygen was not excluded are discussed separately from studies conducted under anaerobic conditions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900258

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Beta-adrenergic receptors: Regulatory role of agonists (1978)

Lefkowitz, Robert J. ; Limbird, Lee E. ; Williams, Lewis T. ; [et al.]

New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Supramolecular Structure 8 (1978), S. 501-510

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ISSN: 0091-7419

Keywords: receptor ; catecholamines ; agonist ; adenylate cyclase ; erythrocyte ; Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine

Notes: Direct radioligand binding studies have been used to probe the molecular mechanisms whereby agonist catecholamines regulate the function of betaadrenergic receptors in a model system, the frog erythrocyte. The unique characteristics of agonist as opposed to antagonist action are first, the ability to stimulate the adenylate cyclase through the receptor and second, the ability to desensitize the system by alterations induced in beta-adrenergic receptors. These properties of agonist are not shared by antagonist despite the high affinity and specificity of antagonist binding to the beta-adrenergic receptors. Agonist and antagonist receptor complexes may be distinguished in a variety of ways including differences in their sensitivity to regulatory guanine nucleotides and also by gel chromatography on AcA 34 Ultragel. The agonist receptor complex appears to elute from the columns with an apparently increased size. A “dynamic receptor affinity model” of beta-adrenergic receptor action is proposed which features several distinct conformational states of the receptor. Agonists have much higher affinity for the physiologically active or coupled state of the receptor, whereas antagonists have equal affinity for both. In addition, a third “desensitized” state of the receptor is also postulated to exist.

Additional Material: 5 Ill.