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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (3)
  • inclusive fitness
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human ecology 10 (1982), S. 477-494 
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: menopause ; human evolution ; inclusive fitness ; longevity ; aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract To postulate an evolutionary advantage of the menopause is to address the paradox of how natural selection can favor cessation of reproduction. To do this, menopause is examined with reference to four criteria: (1) its species-specificity and genetic basis; (2) its evolutionary history; (3) its selective advantage in the context of human longevity; and (4) its possible role in human evolution. A brief review of the literature reveals that the first two criteria are satisfied. The third criterion is supported by a study of four New England genealogies which demonstrated that, among 1,890 women born between 1675 and 1874, those who died postmenopausally had greater inclusive fitness than those who died premenopausally. The finding that females with postmenopausal longevity also had greater fertility may represent age-independent improvement in survival. A theory for evolution of the menopause is advanced, based on the observation that population growth via decreased birth spacing among mobile hominid groups would be enhanced by the presence of postreproductives who served as infantcarriers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 1468-1478 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Four- and Five-membered Phosphorus Heterocycles, 57. Phosphazene/Azaphosphetidine Tautomerism of 3,3′-Spirobi[ 1,2,4,3λ5-triazaphosphole] DerivativesDifferent routes lead from N1-methylbenzamidrazone (1) and PCl5 to the spirobi[triazaphosphole] 5. Its halogeno-phosphino, -phosphoryl, and -phosphonio derivatives 7 and 9 are prepared by substitution. By an intramolecular addition to the phosphazene bond they isomerize (partly within an observable equilibrium) to the tricyclic halogeno-diazadiphospheto-bis(triazaphospholes) 8, 10, 11. From chloro derivative 8i the corresponding amines, hydrazines, and hydrazones 13 are obtained. Their bridgehead phosphorus is five-fold N-coordinated (in most other cases pentaaminophosphoranes are unstable).
    Notes: Aus N1-Methylbenzamidrazon (1) und PCl5 entsteht auf verschiedenen Wegen das Spirobi[triazaphosphol] 5. Durch Substitution daraus dargestellte Halogen-phosphino-, -phosphoryl- und -phosphonio-Derivate 7 und 9 gehen (z. T. im Rahmen eines beobachtbaren Gleichgewichts) durch intramolekulare Addition an die Phosphazenbindung in die tricyclischen Halogen-diazadiphospheto-bis(triazaphosphole) 8, 10, 11 über. Die Chlorverbindung 8i läßt sich in die entsprechenden Amine, Hydrazine und Hydrazone 13 überführen, in denen der Brückenkopf-Phosphor fünffach N-koordiniert ist.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Dianionic Polyolato Ligands ; Deprotonated Anhydroerythritol ; Beryllium ; Lead ; Crystal Structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyol Metal Complexes. XIII. Na2[Be(C4H6O3)2] · 5H2O and Na2[Pb(C4H6O3)2] · 3H2O - Two Homoleptic Bis Polyolato Metallates with Beryllium and with LeadNa2[Be(C4H6O3)2] · 5H2O (1) and Na2[Pb(C4H6O3)2] · 3H2O (2) crystallize from concentrated, alkaline aqueous solutions. The polyol anhydroerythritol is deprotonated twice in the mononuclear, homoleptic complex anions. The preference of beryllium for the binding of cis-furanoid diols is shown. In 2, a stereochemically active lone pair at the central atom is the reason for the construction of low dimensional aggregates from three plumbate and three sodium ions.
    Notes: Na2[Be(C4H6O3)2] · 5H2O (1) und Na2[Pb(C4H6O3)2] · 3H2O (2) kristallisieren aus konzentrierten wäßrig-alkalischen Lösungen. In den einkernigen, homoleptischen Komplexanionen liegt das Polyol Anhydroerythrit als doppelt deprotonierter Chelatligand vor. Die Präferenz des Berylliums für cis-furanoide Diole wird gezeigt. In 2 führt ein stereochemisch aktives Elektronenpaar am Zentralmetall zum Aufbau eines niederdimensionalen Aggregats aus drei Plumbat- und drei Natrium-Ionen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1496-1498 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Guanosine ; Ribofuranoside Ligands ; Antimonate(III) ; Crystal Structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyol Metal Complexes. 27. Bis-Diolato Antimonates(III) with Guanosine as the DiolThe complex anions of K3[SbIII(Guo1,2′,3′H-3)2] · 10 H2O (1) and [Co(NH3)6][SbIII(Guo1,2′,3′H-3)2] · 9 H2O (2) are four-coordinate homoleptic bis(diolato)antimonate(III) species. The guanosine trianions act as carbohydrate ligands through their cis-furanoidic ribosyl moiety, thus forming no nucleobase-metal bonds.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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