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  • Event related potentials  (1)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1)
  • 1990-1994  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Evoked potentials ; Event related potentials ; Omitted stimulus ; Electroreception ; Thornback ray ; Stingray
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Multiunit activity and slow local field potentials show Omitted Stimulus Potentials (OSP) in the electrosensory system in rays (Platyrhinoidis triseriata, Urolophus halleri) after a missing stimulus in a 3 to 〉20 Hz train of μV pulses in the bath, at levels from the primary medullary nucleus to the telencephalon. A precursor can be seen in the afferent nerve. The OSP follows the due-time of the first omitted stimulus with a, usually, constant main peak latency, 30–50 ms in medullary dorsal nucleus, 60–100 ms in midbrain, 120–190 ms in telencephalon — as though the brain has an expectation specific to the interstimulus interval (ISI). The latency, form and components vary between nerve, medulla, mid-brain and forebrain. They include early fast waves, later slow waves and labile induced rhythms. Responsive loci are quite local. Besides ISI, which exerts a strong influence, many factors affect the OSP slightly, including train parameters and intensity, duration and polarity of the single stimulus pulses. Jitter of ISI does not reduce the OSP substantially, if the last interval equals the mean; the mean and the last interval have the main effect on both amplitude and latency. Taken together with our recent findings on visually evoked OSPs, we conclude that OSPs do not require higher brain levels or even the complexities of the retina. They appear in primary sensory nuclei and are then modified at midbrain and telencephalic levels. We propose that the initial processes are partly in the receptors and partly in the first central relay including a rapid increase of some depressing influence contributed by each stimulus. This influence comes to an ISI-specific equilibrium with the excitatory influence; withholding a stimulus and hence its depressing influence causes a rebound excitation with a specific latency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 2008-2013 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Barium nitrido zirconate, Ba[ZrN2] ; barium nitrido niobate, Ba2[NbN3] ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; neutron diffraction ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese und Struktur von Ba[ZrN2] und Ba2[NbN3]Ba3N2 reagiert im Stickstoffstrom bei 950°C mit Zr unter Bildung von luftempfindlichem, dunkelrotem Ba[ZrN2]. Es kristallisiert tetragonal in der Raumgruppe P4/nmm mit a = 416,10(2), c = 839,2(1) pm und Z = 2. Die Kristallstruktur wurde anhand von Röntgen- und Neutronenbeugungsdaten des Kristallpulvers verfeinert. Im Nitridozirconat [ZrN2]2- ist das Zr-Atom quadratisch-pyramidal von fünf N-Atomen im Abstand von 201(3) und 220,2(2) pm koordiniert. Die Koordinationspolyeder sind in der Pyramidenbasis über alle Kanten verknüpft und bilden Schichten parallel (001) mit den Pyramidenspitzen alternierend nach oben und nach unten weisend. Die Ba2+-Kationen sind auf der Höhe der Pyramidenspitzen in diese Schichten integriert. Die Struktur kann als aufgefüllter PbFCl-Typ interpretiert werden. Ba2[NbN3] entsteht aus Ba3N2 und NbN oder aus Ba und Nb im Stickstoffstrom bei ca. 1 000°C. Es kristallisiert isotyp zu Ba2[TaN3] in der monoklinen Raumgruppe C2/c mit a = 613,2(3), b = 1 176,8(3), c = 1 322,9(4) pm, β = 91,65(2)°, Z = 8. Die Nitridoniobat-Anionen bilden Ketten aus eckenverknüpften NbN4-Tetraedern mit Abständen Nb—N zwischen 188(1) und 199,9(9) pm.
    Notes: Ba3N2 reacts at 950°C under pure N2 with Zr to yield dark red, air-sensitive Ba[ZrN2]. This new compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4/nmm with a = 416.10(2), c = 839.2(1) pm and Z = 2. The crystal structure was solved and refined using X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data. In the nitrido zirconate [ZrN2]2- the Zr atoms exhibit a square-pyramidal coordination by five N atoms at distances of 201(3) and 220.2(2) pm. The pyramids share all the edges in the basal plane to form layers parallel to (001) with their apices alternately pointing up and down. The Ba2+ cations are integrated into these layers at the levels of the pyramidal apices. The structure can be interpreted as a stuffed PbFCl type. Ba2[NbN3] is formed by the reaction of Ba3N2 and NbN or of Ba and Nb at 1 000°C under N2. Isostructural to Ba2[TaN3] it crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 613.2(3), b = 1 176.8(3), c = 1 322.9(4) pm, β = 91.65(2)°, Z = 8. The nitrido niobate anions form chains of corner sharing NbN4 tetrahedra with distances Nb—N between 188(1) and 199.9(9) pm.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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