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  • 1
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    Photosensor aperture shaping to reduce aliasing in optical-mechanical line-scan imaging systems. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of optical-mechanical scanning techniques that are generally employed in instruments specifically designed to characterize variations in scene brightness spectrally or radiometrically. Special attention is given to the effect of aliasing on the spatial detail of the reconstructed image. Aliasing may be caused by linescan sampling and can, in turn, severely degrade images that emphasize the spatial characterization of a scene. Photosensor aperture shaping and line-scan spacing are investigated as means for reducing this degradation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; May 1973
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Quasi-microscope concept for planetary missions (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking lander cameras have returned stereo and multispectral views of the Martian surface with a resolution that approaches 2 mm/lp in the near field. A two-orders-of-magnitude increase in resolution could be obtained for collected surface samples by augmenting these cameras with auxiliary optics that would neither impose special camera design requirements nor limit the cameras field of view of the terrain. Quasi-microscope images would provide valuable data on the physical and chemical characteristics of planetary regoliths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Sept
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Image quality prediction - An aid to the Viking lander imaging investigation on Mars (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Image quality criteria and image quality predictions are formulated for the multispectral panoramic cameras carried by the Viking Mars landers. Image quality predictions are based on expected camera performance, Mars surface radiance, and lighting and viewing geometry (fields of view, Mars lander shadows, solar day-night alternation), and are needed in diagnosis of camera performance, in arriving at a preflight imaging strategy, and revision of that strategy should the need arise. Landing considerations, camera control instructions, camera control logic, aspects of the imaging process (spectral response, spatial response, sensitivity), and likely problems are discussed. Major concerns include: degradation of camera response by isotope radiation, uncertainties in lighting and viewing geometry and in landing site local topography, contamination of camera window by dust abrasion, and initial errors in assigning camera dynamic ranges (gains and offsets).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; July 197
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Thermogravimetric instrument (1963)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-29
    Description: Thermogravimetric instrument to measure volatility under both isothermal and nonisothermal conditions and to study thermal decomposition
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-74783
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Analysis of closed circuit television and fiber optics for remote visual control of tig welding (1964)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-23
    Description: Closed circuit television and fiber optics systems for visual welding control
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-53131
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    An investigation of photosensor aperture shaping in facsimile cameras (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Optical-mechanical scanning techniques are generally employed in instruments specifically designed to spectrally or radiometrically characterize variations in scene brightness. The effect of aliasing, which can be caused by line scan sampling, on the spatial detail of the reconstructed image has, therefore, been of little concern. Emphasis of some recent applications of optical-mechanical scanning techniques in facsimile cameras is, however, on the spatial characterization of the scene which, as is shown, can be severely degraded by aliasing. The characteristics of aliasing are analyzed to establish quantitative bounds, and photosensor aperture shaping and line scan spacing are investigated as a means for reducing this degradation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TN-D-6882 , L-8424
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Prediction of Viking lander camera image quality (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Formulations are presented that permit prediction of image quality as a function of camera performance, surface radiance properties, and lighting and viewing geometry. Predictions made for a wide range of surface radiance properties reveal that image quality depends strongly on proper camera dynamic range command and on favorable lighting and viewing geometry. Proper camera dynamic range commands depend mostly on the surface albedo that will be encountered. Favorable lighting and viewing geometries depend mostly on lander orientation with respect to the diurnal sun path over the landing site, and tend to be independent of surface albedo and illumination scattering function. Side lighting with low sun elevation angles (10 to 30 deg) is generally favorable for imaging spatial details and slopes, whereas high sun elevation angles are favorable for measuring spectral reflectances.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TN-D-8148 , L-10626
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    Reflectance characteristics of the Viking lander camera reference test charts (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Reference test charts provide radiometric, colorimetric, and spatial resolution references for the Viking lander cameras on Mars. Reflectance measurements of these references are described, including the absolute bidirectional reflectance of the radiometric references and the relative spectral reflectance of both radiometric and colorimetric references. Results show that the bidirection reflectance of the radiometric references is Lambertian to within + or - 7% for incidence angles between 20 deg and 60 deg, and that their spectral reflectance is constant with wavelength to within + or - 5% over the spectral range of the cameras. Estimated accuracy of the measurements is + or - 0.05 in relative spectral reflectance.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-72762
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Radiometric performance of the Viking Mars lander cameras (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Viking lander cameras feature an array of 12 silicon photodiodes for electronic focus selection and multispectral imaging. Comparisons of absolute radiometric calibrations of the four cameras selected for the mission to Mars with performance predictions based on their design data revealed minor discrepancies. These discrepancies were caused primarily by the method used to calibrate the photosensor array and apparently also from light reflections internal to the array. The sensitivity and dynamic range of all camera channels are found to be sufficient for high quality pictures, providing that the commandable gains and offsets can be optimized for the scene radiance; otherwise, the quantization noise may be too high or the dynamic range too low for an adequate characterization of the scene.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-72692
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    An analysis of the effect of aperture shapes in reducing facsimile camera aliasing. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Optical-mechanical scanning techniques are frequently employed in instruments specifically designed to spectrally or radiometrically characterize variations in scene brightness. The effect of line scan sampling on the spatial detail of the reconstructed images has, therefore, received little attention. Emphasis of some recent applications of optical-mechanical scanning techniques is, however, on the spatial characterization of the scene which, as is shown here, can be severely degraded by aliasing generated in common scanner designs. The characteristics of aliasing are analyzed to establish quantitative bounds, and photosensor aperture shaping and line scan spacing are investigated as a means for reducing this degradation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Society of America, Spring Meeting; Apr 11, 1972 - Apr 13, 1972; New York, NY
    Format: text
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