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  • 1
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    A high resolution gamma-ray and hard X-ray spectrometer (HIREGS) for long duration balloon flights (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The elements of a high resolution gamma-ray spectrometer, developed for observations of solar flares, are described. Emphasis is given to those aspects of the system that relate to its operation on a long duration balloon platform. The performance of the system observed in its first flight, launched from McMurdo Station, Antarctica on 10 January, 1992, is discussed. Background characteristics of the antarctic balloon environment are compared with those observed in conventional mid-latitude balloon flights and the general advantages of long duration ballooning are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: In: EUV, X-ray, and gamma-ray instrumentation for astronomy III; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-24, 1992 (A93-29476 10-35); p. 408-421.
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  • 2
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    Segmentation and pulse shape discrimination techniques for rejecting background in germanium detectors (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The possibility of rejecting the internal beta-decay background in coaxial germanium detectors by distinguishing between the multi-site energy losses characteristic of photons and the single-site energy losses of electrons in the range 0.2 - 2 MeV is examined. The photon transport was modeled with a Monte Carlo routine. Background rejection by both multiple segmentation and pulse shape discrimination techniques is investigated. The efficiency of a six 1 cm-thick segment coaxial detector operating in coincidence mode alone is compared to that of a two-segment (1 cm and 5 cm) detector employing both front-rear coincidence and PSD in the rear segment to isolate photon events. Both techniques can provide at least 95 percent rejection of single-site events while accepting at least 80 percent of the multi-site events above 500 keV.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (ISSN 0018-9499); NS-31; 367-371
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  • 3
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    Measurement of lunar and planetary magnetic fields by reflection of low energy electrons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper describes the technique of planetary electron reflection magnetometry (PERM), a method for measuring the magnitude, direction, and scale size of magnetic fields near the surface of the moon and other planetary bodies with weak and small-scale-size surface fields. It is noted that the PERM technique is based on the ability of magnetic fields to reflect charged particles. A qualitative account of the implementation of the technique is presented along with some results obtained by the Apollo 15 and 16 Particles and Fields subsatellites. The quantitative aspects of PERM are treated by examining solutions to the equation of motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field, computing reflection coefficients on the basis of trajectory calculations, and determining the direction of the lunar surface magnetic field. The sensitivity of the PERM technique is calculated, and effects of lunar electric fields and spacecraft potentials on the measurements are described. Extension of the technique to Mars and Venus is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; Nov. 197
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  • 4
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    Hard X-ray and low-energy gamma-ray spectrometers (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Basic principles of operation and characteristics of scintillation and semi-conductor detectors used for solar hard X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers are presented. Scintillation materials such as NaI offer high stopping power for incident gamma rays, modest energy resolution, and relatively simple operation. They are, to date, the most often used detector in solar gamma-ray spectroscopy. The scintillator BGO has higher stopping power than NaI, but poorer energy resolution. The primary advantage of semi-conductor materials such as Ge is their high-energy resolution. Monte-Carlo simulations of the response of NaI and Ge detectors to model solar flare inputs show the benefit of high resoluton for studying spectral lines. No semi-conductor material besides Ge is currently available with adequate combined size and purity to make general-use hard X-ray and gamma-ray detectors for solar studies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Solar Physics (ISSN 0038-0938); 118; 1-2
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  • 5
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    Pulse shape discrimination for background rejection in germanium gamma-ray detectors (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) technique is developed to reject the beta-decay background resulting from activation of Ge gamma-ray detectors by cosmic-ray secondaries. These beta decays are a major source of background at 0.2-2 MeV energies in well shielded Ge detector systems. The technique exploits the difference between the detected current pulse shapes of single- and multiple-site energy depositions within the detector: beta decays are primarily single-site events, while photons at these energies typically Compton scatter before being photoelectrically absorbed to produce multiple-site events. Depending upon the amount of background due to sources other than beta decay, PSD can more than double the detector sensitivity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: EUV, X-ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy and Atomic Physics; Aug 07, 1989 - Aug 11, 1989; San Diego, CA; United States
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