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  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (264)
  • 1990-1994  (264)
  • 1
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    Ground-based intercomparisons of SBUV/2 flight instruments the world standard Dobson spectrophotometer 83 and overpass observations from Nimbus-7 TOMS and NOAA-11 SBUV/2 (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Total ozone data obtained during summers at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, with Dobson Spectrophotometer 83 are routinely compared with overpass total ozone data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) spectrometer launched aboard the Nimbus 7 satellite in 1978. Results from the TOMS/Dobson instrument comparisons through 1990 have been presented by McPeters and Komhyr (1991). Dobson spectrophotometer 83 was established as the standard instrument for the U.S.A. Dobson instrument station network in 1962. In 1980, the instrument was designated by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as the Standard Dobson Spectrophotometer for the World. Long-term ozone measurement precision of the instrument has been maintained at plus or minus 0.5 percent (Komhyr et al., 1989). On an absolute scale, the ozone measurement accuracy of the instrument is estimated to plus or minus 3 percent. In early April, 1990, comparison of total ozone and vertical distribution (Umkehr) observations were made for the first time with Dobson spectrophotometer 8.3. The work was conducted at the NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) in Boulder, Colorado, and at the research and instrument manufacturing facility of the Ball Aerospace System Division located about 2 km east of Boulder. (The SBUV-2 S/N-2 instrument, built by Ball Aerospace Systems Division, is scheduled for launch aboard the NOAA-13 satellite). We present results of the comparisons which include ozone vertical distribution data obtained with a balloon-borne electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesonde (Komhyr, 1969).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 2; p 962-965
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    An automated optical wedge calibrator for Dobson ozone spectrophotometers (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Dobson ozone spectrophotometer measures the difference of intensity between selected wavelengths in the ultraviolet. The method uses an optical attenuator (the 'Wedge') in this measurement. The knowledge of the relationship of the wedge position to the attenuation is critical to the correct calculation of ozone from the measurement. The procedure to determine this relationship is time-consuming, and requires a highly skilled person to perform it correctly. The relationship has been found to change with time. For reliable ozone values, the procedure should be done on a Dobson instrument at regular intervals. Due to the skill and time necessary to perform this procedure, many instruments have gone as long as 15 years between procedures. This article describes an apparatus that performs the procedure under computer control, and is adaptable to the majority of existing Dobson instruments. Part of the apparatus is usable for normal operation of the Dobson instrument, and would allow computer collection of the data and real-time ozone measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 2; p 749-753
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  • 3
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    Novel approaches to the construction of miniaturized analytical instrumentation (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This paper focuses on the design, construction, preliminary testing, and potential applications of three forms of miniaturized analytical instrumentation. The first is an optical fiber instrument for monitoring pH and other cations in aqueous solutions. The instrument couples chemically selective indicators that were immobilized at porous polymeric films with a hardware package that provides the excitation light source, required optical components, and detection and data processing hardware. The second is a new form of a piezoelectric mass sensor. The sensor was fabricated by the deposition of a thin (5.5 micron) film of piezoelectric aluminum nitride (AIN). The completed deposition process yields a thin film resonator (TFR) that is shaped as a 400 micron square and supports a standing bulk acoustic wave in a longitudinal mode at frequencies of approx. 1 GHz. Various deposition and vapor sorption studies indicate that the mass sensitivity of the TFR's rival those of the most sensitive mass sensors currently available, though offering such performance in a markedly smaller device. The third couples a novel form of liquid chromatography with microlithographic miniaturization techniques. The status of the miniaturization effort, the goal of which is to achieve chip-scale separations, is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-191988 , NAS 1.26:191988
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  • 4
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    Charge coupled devices (CCDs) in X-ray astronomy (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The application of CCDs to X-ray imaging and spectroscopy in astronomy is discussed with special attention given to the special requirements of CCDs for X-ray astronomy (as opposed to those for traditional optical applications). The development status of CCDs for X-ray astronomy applications is described, and results of recent research in the area of optimizing the CCD X-ray response are presented. It is shown that very high quantum efficiencies and Fano noise-limited energy resolutions can be obtained using CCDs.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Experimental Astronomy (ISSN 0922-6435); 2; 3 19
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Novel approaches to the construction of miniaturized analytical instrumentation (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This paper focuses on the design, construction, preliminary testing, and potential applications of three forms of miniaturized analytical instrumentation. The first is an optical fiber instrument for monitoring pH and other cations in aqueous solutions. The instrument couples chemically selective indicators that were immobilized at porous polymeric films with a hardware package that provides the excitation light source, required optical components, and detection and data processing hardware. The second is a new form of a piezoelectric mass sensor. The sensor was fabricated by the deposition of a thin (5.5 micron) film of piezoelectric aluminum nitride (AIN). The completed deposition process yields a thin film resonator (TFR) that is shaped as a 400 micron square and supports a standing bulk acoustic wave in a longitudinal mode at frequencies of approx. 1 GHz. Various deposition and vapor sorption studies indicate that the mass sensitivity of the TFR's rival those of the most sensitive mass sensors currently available, though offering such performance in a markedly smaller device. The third couples a novel form of liquid chromatography with microlithographic miniaturization techniques. The status of the miniaturization effort, the goal of which is to achieve chip-scale separations, is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: SAE PAPER 921179 , ; 11 p.|SAE, International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 13, 1992 - Jul 16, 1992; Seattle, WA; United States
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Fiber-coupled high resolution infrared array spectrometer for the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A novel cryogenic grating spectrometer (FCAS) is being designed for observations of volatiles in cometary and planetary atmospheres, and in newly forming planetary systems. The instrument features two-dimensional detector arrays coupled to a high-dispersion echelle by infrared fibers, and will achieve a spectral resolving power of about 40,000. The primary observational platform for this instrument will be the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, but it will also be configured for use at ground-based observatories. Initially, the spectrometer will use a 58 x 62, 1- to 5-micron InSb array. Larger-format IR arrays and arrays of different composition, will later be incorporated as they become available. The instrument will be used in two modes. The first uses a large format IR array in the spectral image plane for the customary one-dimensional spectral-one-dimensional spatial coverage. In the second mode, a massive, coherent bundle of infrared transmitting ZrF4 fibers will be installed after the dispersive element, to reformat the two-dimensional array into an elongated one-dimensional array for wide spectral coverage, allowing multiple lines to be measured in a single integration with high sensitivity. The overall instrument design is discussed, and the system sensitivity is estimated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Instrumentation in Astronomy VII; Feb 13, 1990 - Feb 17, 1990; Tucson, AZ; United States
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  • 7
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    640 x 480 MWIR and LWIR camera system developments (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The performance of a 640 x 480 PtSi, 3,5 microns (MWIR), Stirling cooled camera system with a minimum resolvable temperature of 0.03 is considered. A preliminary specification of a full-TV resolution PtSi radiometer was developed using the measured performance characteristics of the Stirling cooled camera. The radiometer is capable of imaging rapid thermal transients from 25 to 250 C with better than 1 percent temperature resolution. This performance is achieved using the electronic exposure control capability of the MOS focal plane array (FPA). A liquid nitrogen cooled camera with an eight-position filter wheel has been developed using the 640 x 480 PtSi FPA. Low thermal mass packaging for the FPA was developed for Joule-Thomson applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: In: Infrared technology XVIII; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 19-22, 1992 (A93-32826 12-35); p. 386-400.
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  • 8
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    An intercomparison of five ammonia measurement techniques (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results obtained from five techniques for measuring gas-phase ammonia at low concentration in the atmosphere are compared. These methods are: (1) a photofragmentation/laser-induced fluorescence (PF/LIF) instrument; (2) a molybdenum oxide annular denuder sampling/chemiluminescence detection technique; (3) a tungsten oxide denuder sampling/chemiluminescence detection system; (4) a citric-acid-coated denuder sampling/ion chromatographic analysis (CAD/IC) method; and (5) an oxalic-acid-coated filter pack sampling/colorimetric analysis method. It was found that two of the techniques, the PF/LIF and the CAD/IC methods, measured approximately 90 percent of the calculated ammonia added in the spiking tests and agreed very well with each other in the ambient measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D11,; 11
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  • 9
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    Applying an 8-bit multispectral color-composite image simulation technique to operational real-time AVHRR data (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Geophysics Directorate's 8-bit multispectral color-composite image display technique has been installed on the Satellite Data Processing System at the German Military Geophysical Office in Traben-Trarbach, Germany. The technique simulates 24-bit full-color composites on 8-bit color workstations, combining image data from the NOAA multispectral Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. The real-time application of this technique to operational satellite data is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 73; 6, Ju
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  • 10
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    A balloon borne 19-GHz radiometer (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The design and performance of a 19-GHz one-horn maser radiometer is discussed. The antenna is a lensed, conical horn with 3-deg angular resolution. The radiometer is stabilized by chopping against an internal cold load. A novel chopping scheme allows continual calibration of maser gain fluatuations with only a modest penalty in noise. The method of calibrating this instrument is described. The instrument has been used to map the sky with an equivalent blackbody temperature sensitivity of 1 mK per 3 x 3 deg resolution element.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 61; 158-164
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