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  • 1
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    Artificial intelligence. Autonomous mental development by robots and animals (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weng, J -- McClelland, J -- Pentland, A -- Sporns, O -- Stockman, I -- Sur, M -- Thelen, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):599-600.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. weng@cse.msu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11229402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; Learning ; *Mental Processes ; *Robotics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Experimentally induced visual projections into auditory thalamus and cortex (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-12-09
    Description: Retinal cells have been induced to project into the medial geniculate nucleus, the principal auditory thalamic nucleus, in newborn ferrets by reduction of targets of retinal axons in one hemisphere and creation of alternative terminal space for these fibers in the auditory thalamus. Many cells in the medial geniculate nucleus are then visually driven, have large receptive fields, and receive input from retinal ganglion cells with small somata and slow conduction velocities. Visual cells with long conduction latencies and large contralateral receptive fields can also be recorded in primary auditory cortex. Some visual cells in auditory cortex are direction selective or have oriented receptive fields that resemble those of complex cells in primary visual cortex. Thus, functional visual projections can be routed into nonvisual structures in higher mammals, suggesting that the modality of a sensory thalamic nucleus or cortical area may be specified by its inputs during development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sur, M -- Garraghty, P E -- Roe, A W -- EY07023/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY07719/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Dec 9;242(4884):1437-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2462279" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways/physiology ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Auditory Cortex/*physiology ; Axonal Transport ; Ferrets ; Geniculate Bodies/physiology ; Reference Values ; Retina/*physiology ; Superior Colliculi/physiology ; Thalamic Nuclei/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Pathways/*physiology ; Visual Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    A map of visual space induced in primary auditory cortex (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-11-09
    Description: Maps of sensory surfaces are a fundamental feature of sensory cortical areas of the brain. The relative roles of afferents and targets in forming neocortical maps in higher mammals can be examined in ferrets in which retinal inputs are directed into the auditory pathway. In these animals, the primary auditory cortex contains a systematic representation of the retina (and of visual space) rather than a representation of the cochlea (and of sound frequency). A representation of a two-dimensional sensory epithelium, the retina, in cortex that normally represents a one-dimensional epithelium, the cochlea, suggests that the same cortical area can support different types of maps. Topography in the visual map arises both from thalamocortical projections that are characteristic of the auditory pathway and from patterns of retinal activity that provide the input to the map.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roe, A W -- Pallas, S L -- Hahm, J O -- Sur, M -- EY07719/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Nov 9;250(4982):818-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2237432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Auditory Cortex/*physiology ; *Brain Mapping ; Electrophysiology ; Ferrets ; Retina/*physiology ; Thalamus/physiology ; Visual Cortex/physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Tuned responses of astrocytes and their influence on hemodynamic signals in the visual cortex (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-21
    Description: Astrocytes have long been thought to act as a support network for neurons, with little role in information representation or processing. We used two-photon imaging of calcium signals in the ferret visual cortex in vivo to discover that astrocytes, like neurons, respond to visual stimuli, with distinct spatial receptive fields and sharp tuning to visual stimulus features including orientation and spatial frequency. The stimulus-feature preferences of astrocytes were exquisitely mapped across the cortical surface, in close register with neuronal maps. The spatially restricted stimulus-specific component of the intrinsic hemodynamic mapping signal was highly sensitive to astrocyte activation, indicating that astrocytes have a key role in coupling neuronal organization to mapping signals critical for noninvasive brain imaging. Furthermore, blocking astrocyte glutamate transporters influenced the magnitude and duration of adjacent visually driven neuronal responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schummers, James -- Yu, Hongbo -- Sur, Mriganka -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 20;320(5883):1638-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1156120.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18566287" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aspartic Acid/pharmacology ; Astrocytes/drug effects/*physiology ; Blood Volume ; Brain Mapping ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Ferrets ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Male ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism ; Photic Stimulation ; Synapses/physiology ; Visual Cortex/blood supply/cytology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Mice lacking a Myc enhancer that includes human SNP rs6983267 are resistant to intestinal tumors (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-03
    Description: Multiple cancer-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been mapped to conserved sequences within a 500-kilobase region upstream of the MYC oncogene on human chromosome 8q24. These SNPs may affect cancer development through altered regulation of MYC expression, but this hypothesis has been difficult to confirm. We generated mice deficient in Myc-335, a putative MYC regulatory element that contains rs6983267, a SNP accounting for more human cancer-related morbidity than any other genetic variant or mutation. In Myc-335 null mice, Myc transcripts were expressed in the intestinal crypts in a pattern similar to that in wild-type mice but at modestly reduced levels. The mutant mice displayed no overt phenotype but were markedly resistant to intestinal tumorigenesis induced by the APCmin mutation. These results establish that a cancer-associated SNP identified in human genome-wide association studies has a functional effect in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sur, Inderpreet Kaur -- Hallikas, Outi -- Vaharautio, Anna -- Yan, Jian -- Turunen, Mikko -- Enge, Martin -- Taipale, Minna -- Karhu, Auli -- Aaltonen, Lauri A -- Taipale, Jussi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 7;338(6112):1360-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1228606. Epub 2012 Nov 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Science for Life Center, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23118011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/genetics/pathology ; Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*genetics ; Colon/metabolism/pathology ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic/*genetics ; Humans ; Ileum/metabolism/pathology ; Intestinal Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    V1 neurons signal acquisition of an internal representation of stimulus location (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: A fundamental aspect of visuomotor behavior is deciding where to look or move next. Under certain conditions, the brain constructs an internal representation of stimulus location on the basis of previous knowledge and uses it to move the eyes or to make other movements. Neuronal responses in primary visual cortex were modulated when such an internal representation was acquired: Responses to a stimulus were affected progressively by sequential presentation of the stimulus at one location but not when the location was varied randomly. Responses of individual neurons were spatially tuned for gaze direction and tracked the Bayesian probability of stimulus appearance. We propose that the representation arises in a distributed cortical network and is associated with systematic changes in response selectivity and dynamics at the earliest stages of cortical visual processing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sharma, Jitendra -- Dragoi, Valentin -- Tenenbaum, Joshua B -- Miller, Earl K -- Sur, Mriganka -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1758-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. jeetu@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805552" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cues ; Electrophysiology ; Fixation, Ocular/*physiology ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Probability ; Random Allocation ; Saccades/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Patterning and plasticity of the cerebral cortex (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-08
    Description: The cerebral cortex of the human brain is a sheet of about 10 billion neurons divided into discrete subdivisions or areas that process particular aspects of sensation, movement, and cognition. Recent evidence has begun to transform our understanding of how cortical areas form, make specific connections with other brain regions, develop unique processing networks, and adapt to changes in inputs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sur, Mriganka -- Rubenstein, John L R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Nov 4;310(5749):805-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., 46-6237, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. msur@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16272112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; *Body Patterning ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/anatomy & histology/*growth & development/metabolism/*physiology ; Dominance, Ocular ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Morphogenesis ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neural Pathways/growth & development/physiology ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Thalamus/anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Genes, circuits, and precision therapies for autism and related neurodevelopmental disorders (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-17
    Description: Research in the genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism suggests that several hundred genes are likely risk factors for these disorders. This heterogeneity presents a challenge and an opportunity at the same time. Although the exact identity of many of the genes remains to be discovered, genes identified to date encode proteins that play roles in certain conserved pathways: protein synthesis, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, and synaptic signaling. The next generation of research in neurodevelopmental disorders must address the neural circuitry underlying the behavioral symptoms and comorbidities, the cell types playing critical roles in these circuits, and common intercellular signaling pathways that link diverse genes. Results from clinical trials have been mixed so far. Only when we can leverage the heterogeneity of neurodevelopmental disorders into precision medicine will the mechanism-based therapeutics for these disorders start to unlock success.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4739545/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4739545/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sahin, Mustafa -- Sur, Mriganka -- EF1451125/PHS HHS/ -- EY007023/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- MH085802/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS090473/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P20 NS080199/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD018655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U01 NS082320/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54 NS092090/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54NS092090/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 20;350(6263). pii: aab3897. doi: 10.1126/science.aab3897. Epub 2015 Oct 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉F. M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mustafa.sahin@childrens.harvard.edu msur@mit.edu. ; Simons Center for the Social Brain, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. mustafa.sahin@childrens.harvard.edu msur@mit.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autistic Disorder/drug therapy/genetics ; Behavior ; Brain/growth & development/metabolism ; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Genes ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; Mice ; Mutation ; Neural Pathways/metabolism ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders/*drug therapy/*genetics ; Precision Medicine/*methods ; Protein Biosynthesis/genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; Translational Medical Research
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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