ALBERT

Description: Culture medium from an isolate of the fungus Aspergillus candidus was extracted, fractionated and examined to discover compounds antagonistic to plant-parasitic nematodes that are important pathogens of agricultural crops. Column, thin layer and preparative chromatographies and spectral and elemental analyses, were used to isolate and identify two major constituents of an active fraction (Fraction F) obtained from the medium. Compound 1 was identified as 2-hydroxypropane-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid (citric acid). Compound 2 was identified as 3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-5-oxopentanoic acid, an isomer of 1, 2-dimethyl citrate. Compound 1 and a citric acid standard, each tested at 50 mg mL –1 in water, decreased hatch from eggs of the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita by more than 94%, and completely immobilized second-stage juveniles after 4–6 days exposure. Fraction F and Compounds 1 and 2 decreased the mobility of adults of the plant-parasitic nematode Ditylenchus destructor in vitro . Fraction F (25 mg mL –1 ) inhibited mobility 〉99% at 72 hrs. Compounds 1 and 2 (50 mg mL –1 ) each inhibited mobility more than 25% at 24 hr and more than 50% at 72 hr. This is the first assignment of nematode-antagonistic properties to specifically identified A. candidus metabolites.

Description: The resiliency of the adult nervous system is markedly affected by the environment and the circumstances during infant and child development. As such, adults in resource-limited settings who may have experienced early deprivation are particularly vulnerable to subsequent neurological disorders. Adult populations in countries with relatively recent advances in economic development may still have a higher susceptibility to neurological illness or injury that is reflective of the socioeconomic environment that was present during that population's infancy and childhood. Brain and peripheral nervous system research conducted over the past decade in resource-limited settings has led to an impressive and growing body of knowledge that informs our understanding of neurological function and dysfunction, independent of geography. Neurological conditions feature prominently in the burgeoning epidemic of non-communicable diseases facing low- and middle-income countries. Neurological research in these countries is needed to address this burden of disease. Although the burden of more prevalent and severe neurological disease poses public health and clinical challenges in settings with limited neurological expertise, the same factors, along with genetic heterogeneity and the relative absence of ingrained clinical care practices, offer circumstances well-suited for the conduct of crucial future research that is globally relevant.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Birbeck, Gretchen L -- Meyer, Ana-Claire -- Ogunniyi, Adesola -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 19;527(7578):S167-71. doi: 10.1038/nature16031.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Epilepsy Division, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, 265 Crittenden Boulevard, CU420694, Rochester, New York 14642-0694, USA. ; Chikankata Epilepsy Care Team, Chikankata Hospital, Private Bag S2, Mazabuka, Zambia. ; Department of Neurology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208018, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8018, USA. ; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Box 614-40100, Kisumu, Kenya. ; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, PMB 5016, Ibadan 200001, Nigeria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26580323" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400,000 polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of Western and Far Eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, approximately 8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a approximately 24,000-year-old Siberian. By approximately 6,000-5,000 years ago, farmers throughout much of Europe had more hunter-gatherer ancestry than their predecessors, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but also from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact approximately 4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced approximately 75% of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least approximately 3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haak, Wolfgang -- Lazaridis, Iosif -- Patterson, Nick -- Rohland, Nadin -- Mallick, Swapan -- Llamas, Bastien -- Brandt, Guido -- Nordenfelt, Susanne -- Harney, Eadaoin -- Stewardson, Kristin -- Fu, Qiaomei -- Mittnik, Alissa -- Banffy, Eszter -- Economou, Christos -- Francken, Michael -- Friederich, Susanne -- Pena, Rafael Garrido -- Hallgren, Fredrik -- Khartanovich, Valery -- Khokhlov, Aleksandr -- Kunst, Michael -- Kuznetsov, Pavel -- Meller, Harald -- Mochalov, Oleg -- Moiseyev, Vayacheslav -- Nicklisch, Nicole -- Pichler, Sandra L -- Risch, Roberto -- Rojo Guerra, Manuel A -- Roth, Christina -- Szecsenyi-Nagy, Anna -- Wahl, Joachim -- Meyer, Matthias -- Krause, Johannes -- Brown, Dorcas -- Anthony, David -- Cooper, Alan -- Alt, Kurt Werner -- Reich, David -- GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006399/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 11;522(7555):207-11. doi: 10.1038/nature14317. Epub 2015 Mar 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences &Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [3] Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany [4] Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing 100049, China. ; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tubingen, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany. ; 1] Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Science, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary [2] Romisch Germanische Kommission (RGK) Frankfurt, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany. ; Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Departments of Paleoanthropology and Archaeogenetics, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tubingen, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany. ; State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany. ; Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueologia, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. ; The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Vasteras 722 12, Sweden. ; Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. ; Volga State Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities, Samara 443099, Russia. ; Deutsches Archaeologisches Institut, Abteilung Madrid, E-28002 Madrid, Spain. ; 1] Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany [2] State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany [3] Danube Private University, A-3500 Krems, Austria. ; Institute for Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland. ; Departamento de Prehistoria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. ; Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueolgia, Universidad de Valladolid, E-47002 Valladolid, Spain. ; 1] Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany [2] Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Science, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary. ; State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Wurttemberg, Osteology, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; 1] Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tubingen, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany [2] Departments of Paleoanthropology and Archaeogenetics, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tubingen, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany [3] Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, D-07745 Jena, Germany. ; Anthropology Department, Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York 13820, USA. ; 1] Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany [2] State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany [3] Danube Private University, A-3500 Krems, Austria [4] Institute for Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25731166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The highly complex structure of the human brain is strongly shaped by genetic influences. Subcortical brain regions form circuits with cortical areas to coordinate movement, learning, memory and motivation, and altered circuits can lead to abnormal behaviour and disease. To investigate how common genetic variants affect the structure of these brain regions, here we conduct genome-wide association studies of the volumes of seven subcortical regions and the intracranial volume derived from magnetic resonance images of 30,717 individuals from 50 cohorts. We identify five novel genetic variants influencing the volumes of the putamen and caudate nucleus. We also find stronger evidence for three loci with previously established influences on hippocampal volume and intracranial volume. These variants show specific volumetric effects on brain structures rather than global effects across structures. The strongest effects were found for the putamen, where a novel intergenic locus with replicable influence on volume (rs945270; P = 1.08 x 10(-33); 0.52% variance explained) showed evidence of altering the expression of the KTN1 gene in both brain and blood tissue. Variants influencing putamen volume clustered near developmental genes that regulate apoptosis, axon guidance and vesicle transport. Identification of these genetic variants provides insight into the causes of variability in human brain development, and may help to determine mechanisms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4393366/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4393366/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hibar, Derrek P -- Stein, Jason L -- Renteria, Miguel E -- Arias-Vasquez, Alejandro -- Desrivieres, Sylvane -- Jahanshad, Neda -- Toro, Roberto -- Wittfeld, Katharina -- Abramovic, Lucija -- Andersson, Micael -- Aribisala, Benjamin S -- Armstrong, Nicola J -- Bernard, Manon -- Bohlken, Marc M -- Boks, Marco P -- Bralten, Janita -- Brown, Andrew A -- Chakravarty, M Mallar -- Chen, Qiang -- Ching, Christopher R K -- Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel -- den Braber, Anouk -- Giddaluru, Sudheer -- Goldman, Aaron L -- Grimm, Oliver -- Guadalupe, Tulio -- Hass, Johanna -- Woldehawariat, Girma -- Holmes, Avram J -- Hoogman, Martine -- Janowitz, Deborah -- Jia, Tianye -- Kim, Sungeun -- Klein, Marieke -- Kraemer, Bernd -- Lee, Phil H -- Olde Loohuis, Loes M -- Luciano, Michelle -- Macare, Christine -- Mather, Karen A -- Mattheisen, Manuel -- Milaneschi, Yuri -- Nho, Kwangsik -- Papmeyer, Martina -- Ramasamy, Adaikalavan -- Risacher, Shannon L -- Roiz-Santianez, Roberto -- Rose, Emma J -- Salami, Alireza -- Samann, Philipp G -- Schmaal, Lianne -- Schork, Andrew J -- Shin, Jean -- Strike, Lachlan T -- Teumer, Alexander -- van Donkelaar, Marjolein M J -- van Eijk, Kristel R -- Walters, Raymond K -- Westlye, Lars T -- Whelan, Christopher D -- Winkler, Anderson M -- Zwiers, Marcel P -- Alhusaini, Saud -- Athanasiu, Lavinia -- Ehrlich, Stefan -- Hakobjan, Marina M H -- Hartberg, Cecilie B -- Haukvik, Unn K -- Heister, Angelien J G A M -- Hoehn, David -- Kasperaviciute, Dalia -- Liewald, David C M -- Lopez, Lorna M -- Makkinje, Remco R R -- Matarin, Mar -- Naber, Marlies A M -- McKay, D Reese -- Needham, Margaret -- Nugent, Allison C -- Putz, Benno -- Royle, Natalie A -- Shen, Li -- Sprooten, Emma -- Trabzuni, Daniah -- van der Marel, Saskia S L -- van Hulzen, Kimm J E -- Walton, Esther -- Wolf, Christiane -- Almasy, Laura -- Ames, David -- Arepalli, Sampath -- Assareh, Amelia A -- Bastin, Mark E -- Brodaty, Henry -- Bulayeva, Kazima B -- Carless, Melanie A -- Cichon, Sven -- Corvin, Aiden -- Curran, Joanne E -- Czisch, Michael -- de Zubicaray, Greig I -- Dillman, Allissa -- Duggirala, Ravi -- Dyer, Thomas D -- Erk, Susanne -- Fedko, Iryna O -- Ferrucci, Luigi -- Foroud, Tatiana M -- Fox, Peter T -- Fukunaga, Masaki -- Gibbs, J Raphael -- Goring, Harald H H -- Green, Robert C -- Guelfi, Sebastian -- Hansell, Narelle K -- Hartman, Catharina A -- Hegenscheid, Katrin -- Heinz, Andreas -- Hernandez, Dena G -- Heslenfeld, Dirk J -- Hoekstra, Pieter J -- Holsboer, Florian -- Homuth, Georg -- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan -- Ikeda, Masashi -- Jack, Clifford R Jr -- Jenkinson, Mark -- Johnson, Robert -- Kanai, Ryota -- Keil, Maria -- Kent, Jack W Jr -- Kochunov, Peter -- Kwok, John B -- Lawrie, Stephen M -- Liu, Xinmin -- Longo, Dan L -- McMahon, Katie L -- Meisenzahl, Eva -- Melle, Ingrid -- Mohnke, Sebastian -- Montgomery, Grant W -- Mostert, Jeanette C -- Muhleisen, Thomas W -- Nalls, Michael A -- Nichols, Thomas E -- Nilsson, Lars G -- Nothen, Markus M -- Ohi, Kazutaka -- Olvera, Rene L -- Perez-Iglesias, Rocio -- Pike, G Bruce -- Potkin, Steven G -- Reinvang, Ivar -- Reppermund, Simone -- Rietschel, Marcella -- Romanczuk-Seiferth, Nina -- Rosen, Glenn D -- Rujescu, Dan -- Schnell, Knut -- Schofield, Peter R -- Smith, Colin -- Steen, Vidar M -- Sussmann, Jessika E -- Thalamuthu, Anbupalam -- Toga, Arthur W -- Traynor, Bryan J -- Troncoso, Juan -- Turner, Jessica A -- Valdes Hernandez, Maria C -- van 't Ent, Dennis -- van der Brug, Marcel -- van der Wee, Nic J A -- van Tol, Marie-Jose -- Veltman, Dick J -- Wassink, Thomas H -- Westman, Eric -- Zielke, Ronald H -- Zonderman, Alan B -- Ashbrook, David G -- Hager, Reinmar -- Lu, Lu -- McMahon, Francis J -- Morris, Derek W -- Williams, Robert W -- Brunner, Han G -- Buckner, Randy L -- Buitelaar, Jan K -- Cahn, Wiepke -- Calhoun, Vince D -- Cavalleri, Gianpiero L -- Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto -- Dale, Anders M -- Davies, Gareth E -- Delanty, Norman -- Depondt, Chantal -- Djurovic, Srdjan -- Drevets, Wayne C -- Espeseth, Thomas -- Gollub, Randy L -- Ho, Beng-Choon -- Hoffmann, Wolfgang -- Hosten, Norbert -- Kahn, Rene S -- Le Hellard, Stephanie -- Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas -- Muller-Myhsok, Bertram -- Nauck, Matthias -- Nyberg, Lars -- Pandolfo, Massimo -- Penninx, Brenda W J H -- Roffman, Joshua L -- Sisodiya, Sanjay M -- Smoller, Jordan W -- van Bokhoven, Hans -- van Haren, Neeltje E M -- Volzke, Henry -- Walter, Henrik -- Weiner, Michael W -- Wen, Wei -- White, Tonya -- Agartz, Ingrid -- Andreassen, Ole A -- Blangero, John -- Boomsma, Dorret I -- Brouwer, Rachel M -- Cannon, Dara M -- Cookson, Mark R -- de Geus, Eco J C -- Deary, Ian J -- Donohoe, Gary -- Fernandez, Guillen -- Fisher, Simon E -- Francks, Clyde -- Glahn, David C -- Grabe, Hans J -- Gruber, Oliver -- Hardy, John -- Hashimoto, Ryota -- Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E -- Jonsson, Erik G -- Kloszewska, Iwona -- Lovestone, Simon -- Mattay, Venkata S -- Mecocci, Patrizia -- McDonald, Colm -- McIntosh, Andrew M -- Ophoff, Roel A -- Paus, Tomas -- Pausova, Zdenka -- Ryten, Mina -- Sachdev, Perminder S -- Saykin, Andrew J -- Simmons, Andy -- Singleton, Andrew -- Soininen, Hilkka -- Wardlaw, Joanna M -- Weale, Michael E -- Weinberger, Daniel R -- Adams, Hieab H H -- Launer, Lenore J -- Seiler, Stephan -- Schmidt, Reinhold -- Chauhan, Ganesh -- Satizabal, Claudia L -- Becker, James T -- Yanek, Lisa -- van der Lee, Sven J -- Ebling, Maritza -- Fischl, Bruce -- Longstreth, W T Jr -- Greve, Douglas -- Schmidt, Helena -- Nyquist, Paul -- Vinke, Louis N -- van Duijn, Cornelia M -- Xue, Luting -- Mazoyer, Bernard -- Bis, Joshua C -- Gudnason, Vilmundur -- Seshadri, Sudha -- Ikram, M Arfan -- Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative -- CHARGE Consortium -- EPIGEN -- IMAGEN -- SYS -- Martin, Nicholas G -- Wright, Margaret J -- Schumann, Gunter -- Franke, Barbara -- Thompson, Paul M -- Medland, Sarah E -- 100309/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 104036/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/F019394/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700704/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0701120/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1001245/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- K99 LM011384/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- K99 MH101367/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MR/K026992/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P41 EB015922/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG005133/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG005134/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG005146/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R00 LM011384/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG040060/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB015611/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- RF1 AG041915/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 AG049505/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U24 AG021886/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U54 EB020403/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR001108/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR001120/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 9;520(7546):224-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14101. Epub 2015 Jan 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA. ; 1] Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA. [2] Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia. ; 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [3] Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [4] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. ; MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. ; 1] Laboratory of Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France. [2] Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite de Recherche Associee (URA) 2182 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France. [3] Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris 75015, France. ; 1] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany. [2] Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany. ; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands. ; Umea Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umea University, Umea 901 87, Sweden. ; 1] Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [2] Department of Computer Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria. [3] Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. ; 1] Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia. [2] School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia. ; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada. ; 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [3] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. ; 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway. ; 1] Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal H4H 1R3, Canada. [2] Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada. ; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. ; 1] Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA. [2] Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands. ; 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway. [2] Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway. ; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim 68159, Germany. ; 1] Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands. [2] International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands. ; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden 01307 Germany. ; Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; 1] Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. ; Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany. ; 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [3] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ; Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen 37075, Germany. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA. [4] Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. ; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia. ; 1] Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark. [2] The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen DK-8000, Denmark. [3] Center for integrated Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark. ; Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands. ; Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK. ; 1] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK. [2] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. ; 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander 39008, Spain. [2] Cibersam (Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid 28029, Spain. ; 1] Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. [2] Center for Translational Research on Adversity, Neurodevelopment and Substance Abuse (C-TRANS), Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21045, USA. ; 1] Umea Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umea University, Umea 901 87, Sweden. [2] Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 11330 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany. ; 1] Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA. [2] Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92161, USA. ; 1] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia. [2] School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. [3] Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. ; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany. ; 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [2] Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway. [2] Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway. ; 1] The Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. ; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada. ; 1] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden 01307 Germany. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. ; 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] Department of Psychiatric Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo 0319, Norway. ; NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. ; 1] UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK. ; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. [2] Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA. ; Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. ; 1] Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [2] Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. [3] Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. ; 1] Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. [3] Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA. ; 1] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia. ; 1] Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA. [2] University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA. ; 1] National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia. [2] Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3101, Australia. ; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; 1] Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [2] Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [3] Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. [4] Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. ; N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia. ; Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA. ; 1] Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland. [2] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53127, Germany. [3] Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Julich, Julich, D-52425, Germany. [4] Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany. ; School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany. ; Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 20892, USA. ; 1] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ; 1] University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA. [2] South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA. ; Biofunctional Imaging, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ; 1] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3101, Australia. ; 1] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands. ; Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany. ; Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany. ; Departments of Cognitive and Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany. ; Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan. ; Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. ; FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. ; NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. ; 1] School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK. [2] Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK. ; Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. ; 1] Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney 2031, Australia. [2] School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia. ; 1] Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. [2] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA. ; Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. ; Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. ; Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich 80336, Germany. ; 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53127, Germany. [2] Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Julich, Julich, D-52425, Germany. [3] Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany. ; 1] FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. [2] Department of Statistics &WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. ; 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53127, Germany. [2] Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany. ; Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ; 1] Cibersam (Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid 28029, Spain. [2] Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. ; 1] Department of Neurology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada. [2] Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada. ; Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA. ; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway. ; 1] Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69115, Germany. ; Department of Neuropathology, MRC Sudden Death Brain Bank Project, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK. ; Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. ; Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA. ; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. ; Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands. ; Neuroimaging Centre, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AW, The Netherlands. ; Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. ; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-141 83, Sweden. ; Behavioral Epidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. ; 1] Center for Integrative and Translational Genomics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. [3] Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China. ; 1] Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. [2] Cognitive Genetics and Therapy Group, School of Psychology &Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. ; 1] Center for Integrative and Translational Genomics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. ; 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. [3] Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; 1] Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. [3] Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. ; 1] The Mind Research Network &LBERI, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA. [2] Department of ECE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA. ; 1] Center for Translational Imaging and Personalized Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA. [2] Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA. ; Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57108, USA. ; 1] Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin 2, Ireland. [2] Neurology Division, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland. ; Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium. ; 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0450, Norway. ; 1] Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. [2] Janssen Research &Development, Johnson &Johnson, Titusville, New Jersey 08560, USA. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [3] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. ; 1] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany. ; 1] Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany. [2] Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany. [3] University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK. ; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany. ; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, London WC1N 3BG, UK. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA. [4] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA. ; 1] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3000 CB, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands. ; 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] Department of Psychiatric Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo 0319, Norway. [3] Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden. ; 1] Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. [2] Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. ; 1] Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. ; 1] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. [2] Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany. [2] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund 18435, Germany. ; 1] Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen 37075, Germany. [2] Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany. ; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ; 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden. ; Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90-419, Poland. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK. [2] NIHR Dementia Biomedical Research Unit, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. ; 1] Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. ; Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06156, Italy. ; Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. ; 1] Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. [2] Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK. ; 1] Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands. [2] Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; 1] Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto M6A 2E1, Canada. [2] Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5T 1R8, Canada. ; 1] The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada. [2] Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E2, Canada. ; 1] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK. ; 1] Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia. [2] Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney 2031, Australia. ; 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [3] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany. ; 1] Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. [2] Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. [3] Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. ; 1] Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland. [2] Neurocentre Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland. ; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK. ; 1] Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. [2] Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. ; 1] Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands. ; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria. ; INSERM U897, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France. ; 1] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. [2] Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA. ; 1] Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. [3] Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. ; General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. ; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands. ; 1] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; 1] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [3] Computer Science and AI Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA. ; Department of Neurology University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria. ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. ; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. ; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, UMR5296 CNRS, CEA and University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France. ; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA. ; Icelandic Heart Association, University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik 101, Iceland. ; 1] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. ; 1] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia. [2] School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. ; 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [3] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25607358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyer, Anne-Marie -- Gotz, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 10;348(6231):194. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6231.194-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gillings School of Global Public Health and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. ameyer@unc.edu. ; Department of Information Science and Carolina Health Informatics Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25859036" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The gender imbalance in STEM subjects dominates current debates about women's underrepresentation in academia. However, women are well represented at the Ph.D. level in some sciences and poorly represented in some humanities (e.g., in 2011, 54% of U.S. Ph.D.'s in molecular biology were women versus only 31% in philosophy). We hypothesize that, across the academic spectrum, women are underrepresented in fields whose practitioners believe that raw, innate talent is the main requirement for success, because women are stereotyped as not possessing such talent. This hypothesis extends to African Americans' underrepresentation as well, as this group is subject to similar stereotypes. Results from a nationwide survey of academics support our hypothesis (termed the field-specific ability beliefs hypothesis) over three competing hypotheses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leslie, Sarah-Jane -- Cimpian, Andrei -- Meyer, Meredith -- Freeland, Edward -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 16;347(6219):262-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1261375.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Philosophy, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA. ; Department of Psychology, Otterbein University, Westerville, OH 43081, USA. ; Survey Research Center, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25593183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huete-Perez, Jorge A -- Meyer, Axel -- Alvarez, Pedro J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 23;347(6220):355. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa6998.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jorge A. Huete-Perez is vice-president of the Academy of Sciences of Nicaragua and a professor at the University of Central America, Managua, Nicaragua. jorgehuete@uca-cbm.org. ; Axel Meyer is a profesor in the Department of Biology at the University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. Axel.Meyer@uni-konstanz.de. ; Pedro J. Alvarez is the George R. Brown Professor and Chair of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA. alvarez@rice.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25613867" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: To determine whether genes retain ancestral functions over a billion years of evolution and to identify principles of deep evolutionary divergence, we replaced 414 essential yeast genes with their human orthologs, assaying for complementation of lethal growth defects upon loss of the yeast genes. Nearly half (47%) of the yeast genes could be successfully humanized. Sequence similarity and expression only partly predicted replaceability. Instead, replaceability depended strongly on gene modules: Genes in the same process tended to be similarly replaceable (e.g., sterol biosynthesis) or not (e.g., DNA replication initiation). Simulations confirmed that selection for specific function can maintain replaceability despite extensive sequence divergence. Critical ancestral functions of many essential genes are thus retained in a pathway-specific manner, resilient to drift in sequences, splicing, and protein interfaces.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4718922/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4718922/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kachroo, Aashiq H -- Laurent, Jon M -- Yellman, Christopher M -- Meyer, Austin G -- Wilke, Claus O -- Marcotte, Edward M -- DP1 GM106408/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076536/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM088344/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):921-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0769.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. ; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. ; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. ; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. marcotte@icmb.utexas.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25999509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Chatters et al. (Reports, 16 May 2014, p. 750) reported the retrieval of DNA sequences from a 12,000- to 13,000-year-old human tooth discovered in an underwater cave in Mexico's Yucatan peninsula. They propose that this ancient human individual's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) belongs to haplogroup D1. However, our analysis of postmortem damage patterns finds no evidence for an ancient origin of these sequences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prufer, Kay -- Meyer, Matthias -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 20;347(6224):835. doi: 10.1126/science.1260617.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. pruefer@eva.mpg.de mmeyer@eva.mpg.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25700510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The Protoaurignacian culture is pivotal to the debate about the timing of the arrival of modern humans in western Europe and the demise of Neandertals. However, which group is responsible for this culture remains uncertain. We investigated dental remains associated with the Protoaurignacian. The lower deciduous incisor from Riparo Bombrini is modern human, based on its morphology. The upper deciduous incisor from Grotta di Fumane contains ancient mitochondrial DNA of a modern human type. These teeth are the oldest human remains in an Aurignacian-related archaeological context, confirming that by 41,000 calendar years before the present, modern humans bearing Protoaurignacian culture spread into southern Europe. Because the last Neandertals date to 41,030 to 39,260 calendar years before the present, we suggest that the Protoaurignacian triggered the demise of Neandertals in this area.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benazzi, S -- Slon, V -- Talamo, S -- Negrino, F -- Peresani, M -- Bailey, S E -- Sawyer, S -- Panetta, D -- Vicino, G -- Starnini, E -- Mannino, M A -- Salvadori, P A -- Meyer, M -- Paabo, S -- Hublin, J-J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 15;348(6236):793-6. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa2773. Epub 2015 Apr 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. stefano.benazzi@unibo.it. ; Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Dipartimento di Antichita, Filosofia, Storia e Geografia, Universita di Genova, Via Balbi 2, 16126 Genova, Italy. ; Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, Universita di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. ; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA. ; CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy. ; Museo Archeologico del Finale, Chiostri di Santa Caterina, 17024 Finale Ligure Borgo, Italy. ; Scuola di Scienze Umanistiche, Dipartimento di Studi Storici, Universita di Torino, via S. Ottavio 20, 10124 Torino, Italy. Museo Preistorico Nazionale dei Balzi Rossi, Via Balzi Rossi 9, 18039 Ventimiglia, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25908660" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉