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  • 1
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    Numerical modeling of an estuary : a comprehensive skill assessment (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (2005): C05001, doi:10.1029/2004JC002691.
    Description: Numerical simulations of the Hudson River estuary using a terrain-following, three-dimensional model (Regional Ocean Modeling System, ROMS) are compared with an extensive set of timeseries and spatially resolved measurements over a 43-day period with large variations in tidal forcing and river discharge. The model is particularly effective at reproducing the observed temporal variations in both the salinity and current structure, including tidal, spring-neap, and river discharge induced variability. Large observed variations in stratification between neap and spring tides are captured qualitatively and quantitatively by the model. The observed structure and variations of the longitudinal salinity gradient are also well reproduced. The most notable discrepancy between the model and the data is in the vertical salinity structure. While the surface-to-bottom salinity difference is well reproduced, the stratification in the model tends to extend all the way to the water surface, whereas the observations indicate a distinct pycnocline and a surface mixed layer. Because the southern boundary condition is located near the mouth the estuary, the salinity within the domain is particularly sensitive to the specification of salinity at the boundary. A boundary condition for the horizontal salinity gradient, based on the local value of salinity, is developed to incorporate physical processes beyond the open boundary not resolved by the model. Model results are sensitive to the specification of the bottom roughness length and vertical stability functions, insofar as they influence the intensity of vertical mixing. The results only varied slightly between different turbulence closure methods of k-ε, k-ω, and k-kl.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge support from the U.S. Geological Survey Mendenhall Post-doctoral Research Program for support of J. C. Warner. J. A. Lerczak and W. R. Geyer were supported by the Hudson River Foundation.
    Keywords: Estuary ; Model skill assessment ; Hudson River
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Hydrodynamic baseline measurements in New Bedford Harbor (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Thls report includes a compilation of hydrodynamic data obtained in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts (Figue 1-1), for the purpose of providing baseline information for the selection of an outfall site for a seondary sewage treatment plant for the city of New Bedford. The observations were conducted by scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, commencing in August, 1987 and continuing though March, 1988. They included moored and shipboard measurements of fluid velocity, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity. The measurement program was designated as the "New Bedford Circulation Study", or NBCS. The study indicates that there are a variety of mechanisms responsible for the transport and exchange of water-masses, of which tidal currents are the most energetic, but wind-driven flows are likely the most effective at renewing the water within the Harbor. Estimates of residence times indicate minimum residence times of less than 2 days during periods of strong winds, and maximum residence times of 4 days or more in periods of weak to moderate south winds. Vertical stratificaton is weak in the winter and moderate in the summer, and it has a notable influence on vertical mixing and on the magnitude of shear currents.
    Description: Funding was provided by Camp, Dresser and McKee, Inc. under agreement effective 24 August 1987.
    Keywords: New Bedford Harbor ; Hydrodynamics ; Physical Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 5207444 bytes
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  • 3
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    Response to channel deepening of the salinity intrusion, estuarine circulation, and stratification in an urbanized estuary (2019)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 124(7), (2019): 4784-4802, doi: 10.1029/2019JC015006.
    Description: Modifications for navigation since the late 1800s have increased channel depth (H) in the lower Hudson River estuary by 10–30%, and at the mouth the depth has more than doubled. Observations along the lower estuary show that both salinity and stratification have increased over the past century. Model results comparing predredging bathymetry from the 1860s with modern conditions indicate an increase in the salinity intrusion of about 30%, which is roughly consistent with the H5/3 scaling expected from theory for salt flux dominated by steady exchange. While modifications including a recent deepening project have been concentrated near the mouth, the changes increase salinity and threaten drinking water supplies more than 100 km landward. The deepening has not changed the responses to river discharge (Qr) of the salinity intrusion (~Qr−1/3) or mean stratification (Qr2/3). Surprisingly, the increase in salinity intrusion with channel deepening results in almost no change in the estuarine circulation. This contrasts sharply with local scaling based on local dynamics of an H2 dependence, but it is consistent with a steady state salt balance that allows scaling of the estuarine circulation based on external forcing factors and is independent of depth. In contrast, the observed and modeled increases in stratification are opposite of expectations from the steady state balance, which could be due to reduction in mixing with loss of shallow subtidal regions. Overall, the mean shift in estuarine parameter space due to channel deepening has been modest compared with the monthly‐to‐seasonal variability due to tides and river discharge.
    Description: Funding was provided by NSF Coastal SEES (OCE 1325136). Data supporting this study are posted to Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2551285) or are available by contacting the author.
    Description: 2019-12-07
    Keywords: Estuarine circulation ; Salinity intrusion ; Stratification ; Dredging ; Hudson River
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    The role of morphology and wave-current interaction at tidal inlets : an idealized modeling analysis (2015)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119 (2014): 8818–8837, doi:10.1002/2014JC010191.
    Description: The outflowing currents from tidal inlets are influenced both by the morphology of the ebb-tide shoal and interaction with incident surface gravity waves. Likewise, the propagation and breaking of incident waves are affected by the morphology and the strength and structure of the outflowing current. The 3-D Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST) modeling system is applied to numerically analyze the interaction between currents, waves, and bathymetry in idealized inlet configurations. The bathymetry is found to be a dominant controlling variable. In the absence of an ebb shoal and with weak wave forcing, a narrow outflow jet extends seaward with little lateral spreading. The presence of an ebb-tide shoal produces significant pressure gradients in the region of the outflow, resulting in enhanced lateral spreading of the jet. Incident waves cause lateral spreading and limit the seaward extent of the jet, due both to conversion of wave momentum flux and enhanced bottom friction. The interaction between the vorticity of the outflow jet and the wave stokes drift is also an important driving force for the lateral spreading of the plume. For weak outflows, the outflow jet is actually enhanced by strong waves when there is a channel across the bar, due to the “return current” effect. For both strong and weak outflows, waves increase the alongshore transport in both directions from the inlet due to the wave-induced setup over the ebb shoal. Wave breaking is more influenced by the topography of the ebb shoal than by wave-current interaction, although strong outflows show intensified breaking at the head of the main channel.
    Description: We are grateful to the Career Training Interexchange program that facilitated the training period of Maitane Olabarrieta within the USGS. Maitane Olabarrieta also acknowledges funding from the “Cantabria Campus International Augusto Gonzalez Linares Program.”WRG was supported by ONR grant N00014-13-1–0368.
    Description: 2015-06-23
    Keywords: Wave-current interaction ; Tidal inlets ; Nearshore ; Hydrodynamics ; Plane jet ; Vortex force method ; Rip current ; COAWST modeling system
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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