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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 685-693 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Optische Anisotropie ; Hauptdoppelbrechungen ; Polypropylenflachfolien ; Verfahrensanalyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The equation, necessary for the evaluation of the principal birefringence from the normal direction of the incident light waves in an optical anisotropic material is given by a simple derivation from the index ellipsoid. The relations for calculating the principal refractive indices — if an average is known — are also described. For measuring the birefringence the method after H. de Sénarmont has been used. In this method the ellipticity of the light, caused by the birefringence medium, is compensated by a λ/4 plate. In a case study we investigated the two step stretching process for the production of polypropylene film. The stretching in machine direction (MD), especially the influence of theMD-stretching ratio on the properties of biaxially oriented film was studied with special attention. Mechanical properties and shrinkage behaviour gave only limited insight into the stretching process, whereas the determination of the optical anisotropy lead to an explanation which agrees very well with simple theories of the reorientation process. The increase of theMD-stretching ratio results in an increase of the planar stretching ratio if other processing parameters remain constant. The consequence is no or only small improvement of planar orientation. But the orientation in machine direction increases and decreases in transverse direction. These changes are in general small and do not lessen the dominating influence of the second stretching step. The method which was used in this investigation for the measurement of optical anisotropy enables one to determine the orientation in biaxially stretched polypropylene separately for the amorphous and the crystalline phase when combined with WAXS-measurements.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der zur Bestimmung der Hauptdoppelbrechungen eines optisch anisotropen Mediums notwendige Zusammenhang zwischen Doppelbrechung und der Wellennormalenrichtung des eingestrahlten Lichtes wurde in anschaulich geometrischer Weise aus einer Schnittellipse des Indexellipsoids abgeleitet und die Beziehungen zur Ermittlung der Hauptbrechungsindexe bei Kenntnis eines Mittelwertes angegeben. Für die Messung der Doppelbrechung benutzten wir das Verfahren nach H. de Sénarmont, bei welchem die durch das doppelbrechende Medium hervorgerufene Elliptizität des Lichtes durch Zuschalten einer λ/4 Platte kompensiert wird. Im Rahmen einer Verfahrensanalyse wurde die Herstellung von Flachfolien aus Polypropylen im Zweistufenprozeß untersucht. Dem Einfluß des Längsstreckverhältnisses auf die Eigenschaften biaxial verstreckter Folien wurde dabei besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Während die mechanischen Eigenschaften und der Schrumpf nur einen begrenzten Einblick in die Vorgänge beim Verstrecken erlaubten, konnte durch die Bestimmung der optischen Anisotropie ein Bild gewonnen werden, das sehr gut mit einfachen Vorstellungen über die Umorientierunǵ übereinstimmt. Die Erhöhung des Längsstreckenverhältnisses führt bei sonst konstanten Verfahrensparametern zu einer Erhöhung des Flächenstreckenverhältnisses. Dadurch wird keine oder eine sehr geringe Verbesserung der planaren Orientierung erreicht. Die Orientierung in Maschinenrichtung hingegen nimmt zu, in Querrichtung ab. Diese Veränderungen sind aber so gering, daß sie den Einfluß der dominierenden zweiten Streckstufe in Querrichtung kaum beeinträchtigen. Die hier benutzte Methode zur Bestimmung der optischen Anisotropie erlaubt, bei gleichzeitigem Einsatz einer röntgenografischen Methode die Orientierung in biaxial verstreckten Polypropylenfolien vollständig, d. h. in den kristallinen wie auch den amorphen Bereichen zu bestimmen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Numerical simulation models, engine experts, and experimental data are used to generate qualitative and temporal representations of abnormal engine behavior. Engine parameters monitored during operation are used to generate qualitative and temporal representations of actual engine behavior. Similarities between the representations of failure scenarios and the actual engine behavior are used to diagnose fault conditions which have already occurred, or are about to occur; to increase the surveillance by the monitoring system of relevant engine parameters; and to predict likely future engine behavior.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center, Third Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Space Applications, Part 1; p 121-122
    Format: text
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A diagnostic expert system based on neural networks is developed and applied to the real-time diagnosis of jet and rocket engines. The expert system methodologies are based on the analysis of patterns of behavior of physical mechanisms. In this approach, fault diagnosis is conceptualized as the mapping or association of patterns of sensor data to patterns representing fault conditions. The approach addresses deficiencies inherent in many feedforward neural network models and greatly reduces the number of networks necessary to identify the existence of a fault condition and estimate the duration and severity of the identified fault. The network topology used in the present implementation of the diagnostic system is described, as well as the training regimen used and the response of the system to inputs representing both previously observed and unknown fault scenarios. Noise effects on the integrity of the diagnosis are also evaluated.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: IEA/AIE-89; Jun 06, 1989 - Jun 09, 1989; Tullahoma, TN; United States
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An architecture for a real-time pattern-based diagnostic expert system capable of accommodating noisy, incomplete, and possibly erroneous input data is outlined. Results from prototype systems applied to jet and rocket engine fault diagnosis are presented. The ability of a neural network-based system to be trained via the presentation of behavioral patterns associated with fault conditions is demonstrated.
    Keywords: CYBERNETICS
    Type: International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems; Jun 01, 1988 - Jun 03, 1988; Tullahoma, TN; United States
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