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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1547-1553 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Imidazaboles ; Carbene-borane adducts ; Azole-borane adducts ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation and characterization of five new imidazabole derivatives is reported: 1,5-dibenzyl-4,4,8,8-tetrahydroimidazabole (2), 4,4,8,8-tetrafluoro-1,5-dimethylimidazabole (3), 4,4-difluoro-8,8-dihydro-1,5-dimethylimidazabole (4), 4,4,8,8-tetrachloro-1,5-dimethylimidazabole (5), and 4,4,8,8-tetraethyl-1,5-dimethylimidazabole (6). The structures of compounds 2-6 as dimeric carbene-borane adducts rather than dimeric N-borane adducts are discussed on the basis of NMR (2-6) and X-ray diffraction data (2, 3, 5 and 6).
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 161 (1994), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: NIH-3T3 cells transfected with yeast H+-ATPases (RN1A cells) are tumorigenic (Perona and Serrano, 1988, Nature, 334: 438). We have previously shown that RN1a cells maintain a chronically high intracellular pH (pHin) under physiological conditions. We have alsoshown that RN1a cells are serum-independent for growth, maintain a higher intracellular Ca2+(in), and glycolyze more rapidly than their non-transformed counterparts (Gillies et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1990, 87: 7414; Gillies et al., Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 1992, 2: 159). The present study was aimed to understand the interrelationships between glycolysis, pHin, and [Ca2+]in in RN1a cells and their non-transformed counterparts, NIH-3T3 cells. Our data show that the higher rate of glycolysis observed in RN1a cell is due to the presence of low affinity glucose transporters. Consequently, the higher rate of glycolysis is exacerbated at high glucose concentration in RN1a cells. Moreover, the maximal velocity (Vmax) for glucose utilization is up to sixfold higher in RN1a cells than in the NIH-3T3 cells, suggesting that the number of glucose transporters is higher in RN1a than NIH-3T3 cells. Glucose addition to NIH-3T3 cells results in modest decreases in both pHin and [Ca2+]in. In contrast, RN1a cells respond to glucose with a large decrease in pHin, followed by a large decrease in [Ca2+]in. The decrease in [Ca2+]in observed upon glucose addition is likely due to activation of Ca2+-ATPase by glycolysis, since the Ca2+ decrease is abolished by the Ca2+ ATPase inhibitors thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid. Glucose addition to ATP-depleted cells results in a decrease in [Ca2+]in, suggesting that ATP furnished by glycolysis is utilized by this pump. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of intracellular pH (pHin) in the regulation of cell growth in both normal and transformed cells is a topic of considerable controversy. In an effort to study this relationship NIH 3T3 cells were stably transfected with the gene for the yeast H+-ATPase, constitutively elevating their pHin. The resulting cell line, RN1a, has a transformed phenotype: The cells are serum independent for growth, clone in soft agar, and form tumors in nude mice. In the present study, we further characterize this system in order to understand how transfection with this proton pump leads to serum-independent growth, using defined media to investigate the effects of specific growth factors on the transfected and parental NIH 3T3 cells. While both cell lines show similar growth increases in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and epidermal growth factor (EGF), they respond differently to insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and PDGF-AA. RN1a cells exhibit increased growth at nanomolar concentrations of insulin but the parental cells had only a relatively minor response to insulin at 10 μM. Both cell lines showed some response to IGF-I in the nanomolar range but the response of RN1a cells was much larger. Differences in insulin and IGF-I receptor number alone could not explain these results. The two cell lines also respond differently to PDGF-AA. RN1a cells are relatively insensitive to stimulation by PDGF-AA and express fewer PDGF α receptors as shown by Northern blots and receptor-binding studies. We propose a unifying hypothesis in which the H+-ATPase activates a downstream element in the PDGF-AA signal transduction pathway that complements insulin and IGF-I signals, while leading to downregulation of the PDGF α receptor. © 1994 wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Alkaline earth metals ; Group-13 metals ; Coordination chemistry ; Bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-1-hydroxy-2-phenyl)amine ligand ; Nonacoordinated strontium compound ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol and aqueous ammonia with boron, aluminum, gallium, or strontium chloride, or with calcium or barium acetate produce, under oxidizing conditions, neutral complexes of stoichiometric formulae ML (M = BCl), ML2, [M = Al (2), Ga (3), Ca (4), and Ba (5)], and ML3H [M = Sr (6)] [L = different oxidation states of bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-1-hydroxy-2-phenyl)amine]. The structures of 1 and 4-6 were established by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and of 2, 3, and 6 by X-ray diffraction. The coordination compound ClBL (1) was obtained by transmetallation of ZnL2 with BCl3. It is a tetracyclic compound with tetracoordinated boron and nitrogen atoms, the ligand being in the reduced form, bis(hydroxyphenyl)amine. The paramagnetic complexes 2 and 3 crystallized in the triclinic system and are hexacoordinated with two orthogonal planar ligands bonded to the metal atoms. The ligands appear in two different oxidation states: one as the monoanion and another as a radical dianion. Based on their X-ray diffraction molecular structures, it is deduced that both ligands have similar structures, confirming electronic delocalization and fast interconversion of their oxidation states. Ca and Ba complexes are diamagnetic and hexacoordinated, both ligands being monoanions The strontium complex crystallized in the monoclinic system, the metal atom is nonacoordinated, having two ligands as monoanions, and a third one is a neutral protonated diquinone. Its structure is a distorted helix with three paddles in a C3 geometry and its unexpected diamagnetic behaviour is due to the presence of a reduced protonated ligand.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 2000 (2000), S. 217-224 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Reaction mechanisms ; Cyclopalladation ; Acetic acid ; Pd-C bond stability ; Polynuclear species ; Palladium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The processes operating during the synthetic cyclopalladation reactions of imines in acetic acid have been studied from a kinetico-mechanistic point of view. These reactions include a fast initial coordination to the palladium through the N-donor atom of the imine, followed by the proper C-H bond activation to produce the acetato bridged dimeric species. At this point, the lability of the bridging acetato groups, the hydrolysis of the C-Pd bonds, and/or the hydrolysis of C=N exo bonds contribute to the generation of dark red polynuclear compounds. The processes occurring after the C-H activation have been followed kinetically, both from palladium acetate plus imine, and the synthetically pure isolated acetato dimers as starting materials. The kinetic and activation parameters have been found identical within experimental error whatever the starting material was (k323 = 1.5 × 10-4 s-1; ΔH# = 51 kJ mol-1; ΔS# = -163 JK-1 mol-1 ΔV# = +19 cm3 mol-1 for the 4-ClC6H4-CH=N-CH2-C6H5 imine derivative 1a). Acidolysis of C-Pd bonds has been found to occur in these polynuclear species. When alternative monomeric Cbenzylic-Pd bond-containing complexes are possible follow ups of the reactions produce them as final dead-end complexes (k323 = 2.2 × 10-5 s-1; ΔH# = 61 kJ mol-1; ΔS# = JK-1 mol-1 ΔV# ≈ 0 cm3 cm-1 for the [2,4,6-(CH3)3]C6H2-CH=N-CH2-[2-(CH3]C6[H4] imine derivative 3d). The same study has been carried out with primary amines in order to check the validity of the data if C=N bond hydrolysis is taking place in the imine derivatives with exo C=N bonds. For complexes with similar type of metallacycles, the results agree reasonably well with the proposed mechanism [k323 = 1.2·10-4 s-1, ΔH# = 46 kJ·mol-1, ΔS# = -180 J·K-1mol-1, ΔV# = -16 cm3·mol-1 for the polynuclear formation of the C6H5-CH2-NH2 derivative 4e; k323 = 3.0·10-4 s-1, ΔH# = 55 kJ·mol-1, ΔS
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 1017-1024 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: autocatalysis ; coiled coil ; kinetics ; peptides ; self-replication ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A 32-residue α-helical peptide with a sequence similiar to that of the GCN4 leucine zipper region is shown to catalyze its own formation by accelerating the amide bond formation of a 17-residue peptide, preactivated as a thiobenzyl ester, and a 15-residue peptide with a N-terminal cysteine. The self-replication process displays parabolic growth characteristics as revealed by a detailed kinetic analysis. Control reactions with single-mutant peptides strongly support a mechanism in which a ternary and/or quaternary complex of the product with both peptide fragments act(s) as the catalytically active intermediate(s). Furthermore, these experiments reveal a remarkable sequence selectivity, as evidenced by the loss of autocatalytic activity as a result of a single replacement of leucine or valine residues with an alanine at the recognition interface.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 159 (1994), S. 457-467 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Responses of rat submandibular acini to intracellular alkalinization were investigated. Intracellular alkalinization was induced by addition of NH4Cl or methylamines, or by prepulse with Na butyrate. Only partial recovery occurred following Na butyrate prepulse or methylated amine addition, but full recovery was observed following addition of NH4Cl. The latter recovery was DIDS and dimethylamiloride-insensitive but was inhibited by bumetanide or high [K+] and stimulated in Na+ free buffer and by ouabain. Acetylcholine stimulated recovery from NH4Cl- or Na butyrate pre-pulse-induced alkalinization and reduced the extent of alkalinization induced by methylated amines. Acetylcholine-stimulated recovery from NH4Cl-induced alkalinization was mimicked by substance P or ionomycin and was partially Ca2+-dependent. This stimulated recovery was bumetanide-insensitive but was partially sensitive to charybdotoxin. Taken together, these data indicate that in unstimulated cells, recovery from alkalinization induced by NH4Cl occurs by bumetanide-sensitive transport of the NH4+ ion, that DIDS-inhibitable anion transport contributes little to this recovery, and that acetylcholine and other Ca2+-elevating agents accelerate recovery from NH4Cl-induced alkaline challenge by a mechanism insensitive to bumetanide, DIDS, ouabain, and dimethylamiloride but sensitive to extracellular Ca2+ and to charybdotoxin. Partial recovery from alkaline challenge can also occur in the absence of NH4+ ions, and acetylcholine also stimulates this mode of recovery. Together, these data suggest that these cells have little intrinsic ability to recover from intracellular alkalinization and that the NH4+ ion may be a surrogate for K+ in at least two ion transport pathways. © 1994 wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Run-on transcription ; developmentally regulated gene expression ; follicle cell nuclei ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To determine the relative roles of transcriptional and post-transcriptional events in establishing the temporal pattern of chorion gene expression in Drosophila, we have examined chorion gene transcription, RNA accumulation, and protein synthesis in follicles of selected pre-early- and late-choriogenic stages. Chorion gene transcription was assayed in follicle cell nuclei by nuclear run-on reactions. For the s 15, s 16, s 18, s36, and s38 chorion genes, the periods of intense transcription are as predicted from the dynamics of RNA accumulation and protein synthesis, indicating that these genes are primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. In contrast, gene s19 appears subject to post-transcriptional control at stage 14, when transcription rates are substantially higher than predicted from the observed RNA levels.Transcription of regions between the clustered and tandemly oriented chorion genes was also examined. In contrast to many RNA polymerase II transcribed genes, for the s18 and s36 chorion genes run-on transcription appears to terminate within about 100 base pairs downstream of the polyadenylation sites, corroborating previous reports based on electron microscopy of s36 [Osheim et al., EMBO J 5:3591-3596, 1986].
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Trinuclear triangulo palladium complex ; 2-Hydroxyacetophenone N4-ethylthiosemicarbazone ; Dimethylformamide aggregation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The X-ray crystal structure of a palladium(II) complex of 2-hydroxyacetophenone N4-ethylthiosemicarbazone (H2Ap4E) shows it to be a triangular,trinuclear complex with bridging thiosemicarbazonato sulfur atoms. This species can be formed from a monomer on dissolution in DMF or directly from Li2PdCl4 and the thiosemicarbazone in methanol-ammonia solution.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Palladium ; Platinum ; Aryl rotation ; Through-space coupling interactions ; Turnstile mechanism ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The square-planar complexes [MR2L2] (M = Pd, Pt; R = 3,5-C6Cl2F3) [L2 = OPPyPh2 (Py = 2-pyridyl); SPPyPh2; OPPy2Ph; DMBI (3,3′-dimethyl-2,2′-biindazole); OPPyPh(NHTol-p); p-TolNPPy2Ph] have been prepared by treating cis-[MR2(THF)2] (THF = tetrahydrofuran) with the appropriate chelate ligands. The 19F-NMR spectra of these complexes show the presence of intramolecular through-space F-F couplings between ortho-fluorine atoms of nonequivalent R groups, which provide information for the assignment of the different ortho-fluorine signals and can be used to study the dynamic behavior of the mentioned complexes such as: a) Rotation of the R group in either Pd or Pt complexes, at the same or at different rates for each R groups depending on the neutral ligand; and b) exchange of the coordination sites of the chelating ligand, either by Berry or by turnstile mechanisms. The activation parameters for some of the processes are given.
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