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  • GEOPHYSICS  (5)
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  • 1
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    Atmospheric neutrons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Additional calibrations of the University of California double-scatter neutron detector and additional analysis corrections lead to slightly changed neutron fluxes. The theoretical angular distributions of Merker (1975) are in general agreement with the reported experimental fluxes but do not give the peaks for vertical upward and downward moving neutrons. The theoretical neutron escape current is in agreement with the experimental values from 10 to 100 MeV. The experimental fluxes obtained agree with those of Kanbach et al. (1974) in the overlap region from 70 to 100 MeV.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Sept. 1
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  • 2
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    Atmospheric gamma ray angle and energy distributions from 2 to 25 MeV (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are given for gamma ray fluxes in six energy intervals from 2-25 MeV and five zenith angle intervals from 0-50 deg (downward moving) and five from 130-180 deg (upward moving). Observations were obtained with the University of California, Riverside double Compton scatter gamma ray telescope flown on a balloon to a 3.0 g/sq cm residual atmosphere at a geomagnetic cuttoff of 4.5 GV. It was found that the angular distribution of downward moving gamma rays is relatively flat, increasing slowly from 10-40 deg. The angular distribution of the upward moving gamma rays at 4.2 g/sq cm increases with angle from the vertical. Energy distributions of upward and downward moving gamma rays are in good agreement with the results of previous studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 1
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  • 3
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    Angular distribution and altitude dependence of atmospheric neutrons from 10 to 100 MeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The altitude dependence of atmospheric neutrons from ground level to 5 g/sq cm of residual atmosphere at neutron energies of 10 to 100 MeV is reported. Ground level measurements were taken at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, on Sept. 18, 1972. The other measurements were made during ascent and float on launch from Palestine, Texas, on Sept. 26, 1971. The intensity of both the downward- and the upward-moving neutrons is maximum at about 100 g/sq cm of residual atmosphere. Neutron angular distributions are reported from 20 to 80 deg and from 100 to 160 deg for 10- to 100-MeV neutrons. Omnidirectional fluxes at altitudes of 5, 50, 100, and 200 g/sq cm of residual atmosphere are in good agreement with recent theoretical calculations of Armstrong et al. (1973) in the three energy intervals of 10 to 30, 30 to 50, and 50 to 100 MeV.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Jan. 1
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  • 4
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    The gamma ray north-south effect (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Theoretical calculations are presented that explain the balloon observations by O'Neill et al. (1987) of a strong north-south anisotropy of atmospheric gamma rays over the Southern Hemisphere, and to predict the north-south ratios. It is shown that the gamma rays that originate at the longest distances from the telescopes give the largest north-south ratios. Comparisons are made of the experimental north-south ratios measured on balloons launched from Alice Springs, Australia, and from Palestine, Texas, U.S., and predictions are made for ratios at other geomagnetic latitudes and longitudes. It is pointed out that observers who measure backgrounds for celestial sources may be misled unless they correct for the north-south effect.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 14719-14
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  • 5
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    On the influence of the magnetization of a modal solar wind on a laboratory magnetosphere (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The interaction of a magnetized plasma beam with a stationary dipole field, analogous to the interaction of the solar wind with the earth's magnetosphere, is explored in a laboratory experiment. Experimental parameters are chosen to scale qualitatively similar to the parameters in the earth's magnetosphere. It is found that the magnetization of the laboratory 'solar wind', generated by injecting a plasma across a preexisting magnetic field, requires a certain minimum magnetic field strength. Differences between the resulting magnetospheres for northward and southward 'solar wind' or 'interplanetary' magnetic fields (IMF) are demonstrated by global pictures and by magnetic field measurements above the north polar region. These measurements show patterns of the variation of the transverse field component which are similar to those found by satellite measurements above the earth. This indicates the presence of similar field-aligned current systems. Particularly, the presence (for northward IMF) and absence (for southward IMF) of the pattern attributed to the 'NBZ' (northward Bz) current system are demonstrated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 7823-782
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