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  • GEOPHYSICS  (8)
  • 1
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    Model documentation, chapter 4 (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The modeling groups are listed along with a brief description of the respective models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Two-Dimensional Intercomparison of Stratospheric Models; P 111-140
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Atmospheric trace gases and global climate - A seasonal model study (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Atmospheric models with seasonal cycles are used to study the possible near-future changes in latitudinal and vertical distributions of atmospheric ozone and temperature caused by increases of trace gases. It is found that increases of CFCs, CH4, and N2O may add to the surface warming from increased CO2. Calculations based on projected trends of CO2, N2O, CH4, and CFCs show that the annual mean and global mean surface temperature could warm by as much as 2.5 C by the year 2050, with larger warming at high latitudes. The results suggest that the warming in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere is much larger than that at the surface, especially during the summer season.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Tellus, Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology (ISSN 0280-6509); 42B; 149-161
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Use of satellite data to constrain the model-calculated atmospheric lifetime for N2O - Implications for other trace gases (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Model calculations of the zonal-mean concentrations of N2O in the upper stratosphere are presented showing that about 80 percent of N2O is removed in the stratosphere between 30 deg N and 30 deg S. A comparison of calculated N2O values with remote data on N2O concentrations obtained from Nimbus 7 SAMS instrument indicated that the two-dimensional model of Ko and Sze (1982) may have underestimated the concentration of N2O in the tropical lower stratosphere. It is concluded that the calculated lifetimes for N2O and chlorofluorocarbon-source gases could be 30 percent shorter than previously reported values.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 7547-755
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    The role of chlorine chemistry in Antarctic ozone loss - Implications of new kinetic data (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: New kinetic data yielding a slower formation rate and larger absorption cross sections of Cl2O2 are incorporated into a photochemical model to reassess the role of chlorine chemistry in accounting for the ozone reductions derived from TOMS observations in different regions of the Antarctic polar vortex during 1987. The model is further constrained by existing measurements from the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment and the National Ozone Expedition II. Calculated concentrations of ClO based on the new kinetic data increase by almost a factor of two between the collar and core regions of the vortex during the second half of September. The calculated ozone reductions in the vortex core appear to be consistent with the TOMS observations in spite of the slower rate for the self-reaction of ClO.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 17; 255-258
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  • 5
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    The roles of dynamical and chemical processes in determining the stratospheric concentration of ozone in one-dimensional and two-dimensional models (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The two-dimensional model of Ko et al. (1985) was used to calculate the stratospheric concentrations of ozone, to determine the principal modes of balance for different stratospheric regions. The results of this analysis show that the local concentration of ozone in different regions of stratosphere is determined by balances between different mechanisms. In the upper stratosphere, the ozone concentration is dominated by photochemical processes, whereas in the mid-lower stratosphere, the bulk of ozone appears to be controlled by an interaction between the transport and the photochemical processes. The results point to the limitations of one-dimensional models, which fail to properly account for the effect of transport in the lower stratosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 9889-989
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Chlorine chemistry in the Antarctic stratosphere - Impact of OClO and Cl2O2 and implications for observations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Theories have been proposed to relate the reduction of O3 during Antarctic spring to catalytic cycles involving chlorine and bromine species. A necessary condition for any chlorine-catalyzed scheme is that a large fraction of the chlorine must be in the form of ClO in the lower stratosphere. It has been suggested that these high levels of ClO could be maintained by fast heterogeneous reactions, whose rates are not known at present. Model calculations based on the above mechanisms predict considerable amounts of OClO and Cl2O2, particularly during the night. Results of calculations of the diurnal variations of ClO, OClO, and Cl2O2 during Antarctic spring are presented for different cases. Results from the calculations suggest that coincident measurements of the total column abundance and diurnal variation of ClO and OClO may help constrain key aspects of the proposed chemical mechanisms. Removal of O3 by the catalytic cycle involving Cl2O2 could be as important as that involving BrO for present levels of chlorine, provided that Cl2O2 photolyzes rapidly to yield Cl and ClO2. It is shown that there is no synergy between these two cycles, since they both compete for the available ClO.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1292-129
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Antarctic chlorine chemistry - Possible global implications (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Occurrence of heterogeneous reactions on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) is a necessary component of the Cl-related chemical mechanisms proposed to explain the recently observed decrease of O3 during Antarctic spring. A one-dimensional model is used to assess the impact of these heterogeneous reactions on future global O3 trends if they were to occur on the global aerosol layer. The impact of these reactions on the concentration of Cl species in the present-day atmosphere is also calculated. The reaction (ClNO3 + HCl) could have a large impact on stratospheric O3. A fast rate for this reaction would greatly enhance the present concentration of ClO and reduce the abundance of HCl in the lower stratosphere. Because of the large differences between the Antarctic and global environments, the calculated global O3 trends are smaller than those calculated for Antarctica.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 15; 257-260
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    The chlorine budget of the present-day atmosphere - A modeling study (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The contribution of source gases to the total amount of inorganic chlorine (ClY) is examined analytically with a time-dependent model employing 11 source gases. The source-gas emission data are described, and the modeling methodology is set forth with attention given to the data interpretation. The abundances and distributions are obtained for all 11 source gases with corresponding ClY production rates and mixing ratios. It is shown that the ClY production rate and the ClY mixing ratio for each source gas are spatially dependent, and the change in the relative contributions from 1950 to 1990 is given. Ozone changes in the past decade are characterized by losses in the polar and midlatitude lower stratosphere. The values for CFC-11, CCl4, and CH3CCl3 suggest that they are more evident in the lower stratosphere than is suggested by steady-state estimates based on surface concentrations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; 2547-255
    Format: text
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