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  • 1
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    MLS CLO observations and arctic polar vortex temperatures (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Analysis of Upper Altmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations in early January 1992 shows a clear relationship between predicted polar stratospheric cloud formation along the back trajectory and elevated ClO amounts. These findings are in good agreement with aircraft observations. The MLS observed variation of ClO amounts within the vortex also fits the pattern of ClO change as a result of air parcel solar exposure and nitric acid photolysis. Outside the polar vortex, the occasional highly elevated ClO appear statistically consistent with MLS measurement noise.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 24; p. 2861-2864
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  • 2
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    Evidence for subsidence in the 1989 Arctic winter stratosphere from airborne infrared composition measurements (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Simultaneous measurements of the stratospheric burdens of CO2, HCN, N2O, CH4, OCS, CF2Cl2, CFCl3, CHF2Cl and HF were made by the Jet propulsion Laboratory MkIV interferometer on board the NASA DC-8 aircraft during January and early February 1989 as part of the Airborne Arctic Stratosphere Experiment. Data were acquired on 11 flights at altitudes of up to 12 km over a geographic region covering the NE Atlantic Ocean, Iceland and Greenland. The results obtained show large variations in the burdens of these tracers due to the effects of transport. The tropospheric source gas burdens were reduced inside the polar vortex, suggesting that the air had subsided with respect to the surrounding midlatitude air. Increased HF burdens inside the vortex support this interpretation. The results obtained from the different tracers are highly consistent with each other and indicate that in the 15- to 20-km altitude range inside the vortex, surfaces of constant volume mixing ratio were located some 5-6 km lower in absolute altitude than outside the vortex. The results also indicate that the magnitude of this subsidence increases with altitude. These conclusions are consistent with other measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D8, M
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  • 3
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    Chlorine chemistry on polar stratospheric cloud particles in the Arctic winter (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Simultaneous in situ measurements of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO) in the Arctic winter vortex showed large HCl losses of up to 1 ppbv, which were correlated with high ClO levels of up to 1.4 ppbv. Air parcel trajectory analysis identified that this conversion of inorganic chlorine occurred at air temperatures of less than 196 -/+ 4 kelvin. High ClO was always accompanied by loss of HCl mixing ratios equal to 1/2(ClO+ 2Cl2O2). These data indicate that the heterogeneous reaction HCl + ClONO2 - Cl2 + HNO3 on particles of polar stratospheric clouds establishes the chlorine partitioning, which, contrary to earlier notions, begins with an excess of ClONO2, not HCl.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 261; 5125; p. 1130-1134.
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  • 4
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    Nimbus 7 satellite measurements of the springtime Antarctic ozone decrease (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements from the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet instrument and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer aboard the Nimbus 7 satellite, a sun-synchronous polar-orbiting satellite which passes any given point on the dayside near local noon, are reported. These provide global measurements of ozone from November 1978 to the present which confirm the reported decline in total ozone in the Antarctic region and show the phenomenon to be regional in extent. The decrease occurs during September as the sun rises, reaching a minimum in mid-October. Seven years (1979-1985) of October monthly means show a 40 percent decrease in the ozone minimum and a 20 percent decrease in the surrounding ozone maximum.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 322; 808-811
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  • 5
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    TOMS observations of total ozone in the 1986 Antarctic spring (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Total ozone measurements by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aboard the Nimbus 7 satellite show the reappearance in 1986 of the extreme springtime Antarctic ozone minimum during September and October.The minimum total ozone amounts descended to 156 Dobson Units; the minimum October average of 185 DU was 27 DU higher than the corresponding average in 1985 and 5 DU less than the 1984 average. This behavior indicates a pause in the downward trend of recent years.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 527-530
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  • 6
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    Potential vorticity and mixing in the south polar vortex during spring (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Fluid dynamic aspects of the Antarctic ozone hole phenomena are studied. Data collected by the ER-2 aircraft as part of the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (AAOE) are used to calculate the potential vorticity distribution on potential temperature surfaces. Most of the ER-2 flights show a monotonic decrease in potential vorticity and nitrous oxide toward the pole on isentropic surfaces.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11625-11
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  • 7
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    A chemical definition of the boundary of the Antarctic ozone hole (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A program designed to study the Antarctic ozone hole using ER-2 high-altitude and DC-8 aircraft was conducted out of Punta Arenas, Chile during August 17-September 22, 1987. Graphs are presented of ozone and chlorine monoxide when crossing the boundary of the chemically perturbed region on August 23 and on September 21. Interpretations of ClO, H2O, and N2O measurements are presented, indicating ongoing diabetic cooling and advective poleward transport across the boundary.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11437-11
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  • 8
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    Airborne lidar observations in the wintertime Arctic stratosphere - Ozone (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Large-scale distributions of ozone (O3) were measured with an airborne lidar system as part of the 1989 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition. Measurements of O3 distributions were obtained between January 6 and February 15, 1989, on 15 long-range flights into the polar vortex from the Solar Air Station, Norway. The observed O3 distribution was found to clearly indicate the edge of the polar vortex and to be an effective tracer of dynamical processes in the lower stratosphere. On the last two flights of the expedition, large regions with reduced O3 levels were observed by the lidar inside the polar vortex. Ozone had decreased by as much as 17 percent in the center of these areas, and using the in situ measurements made on the ER-2 aircraft, it was concluded that this decline was due to chemical O3 destruction.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters, Supplement (ISSN 0094-8276); 17; 325-328
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  • 9
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    Airborne lidar observations in the wintertime Arctic stratosphere - Polar stratospheric clouds (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) distributions in the wintertime Arctic stratosphere and their optical characteristics were measured with a multiwavelength airborne lidar system as part of the 1989 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition. PSCs were observed on 10 flights between January 6 and February 2, 1989, into the polar vortex. The PSCs were found in the 14-27 km altitude range in regions where the temperatures were less than 195 K. Two types of aerosols with different optical characteristics (Types 1a and 1b) were observed in PSCs thought to be composed of nitric acid trihydrate. Water ice PSCs (Type 2) were observed to have high scattering ratios (greater than 10) and high aerosol depolarizations (greater than 10 percent) at temperatures less than 190 K.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters, Supplement (ISSN 0094-8276); 17; 385-388
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  • 10
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    Overview of the polar ozone issue (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The causes of the Antarctic ozone depletion are discussed together with the role of the polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs, which are ice clouds that form towards spring over Antarctica in the altitude range of 10-20 km) in the process of ozone depletion. Evidence is presented suggesting that heterogeneous chemical reactions occurring on the surfaces of the PSCs could dramatically deplete the abundances of reactive nitrogen compounds and enhance those of reactive chlorine species which are responsible for ozone depletion. It was also shown that the surface reactions are not limited to ice clouds but can also take place on the liquid sulfuric acid aerosols present at lower latitudes, indicating that heterogeneous chemistry may take place to some extent on a global scale. Finaly, observations of low-abundance NO2 in north polar regions suggests that heterogeneous removal of reactive nitrogen may well be occurring in the Arctic, with possible attendant applications for Arctic ozone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 15; 845
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