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  • 1
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    Measurements of microwave emission from a foam- covered, wind-driven sea (1971)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave emission from North Sea and North Atlantic at surface wind speeds of 5-25 m/sec, measuring brightness temperature
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; TA FREQUENZA (
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Observations of oceanic white caps for moderate to highwind speeds (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A series of photographs of sea surface whitecap conditions for wind speeds of 10 to 25 m/sec was obtained and analyzed for areal coverage of white water. The results are in good agreement with semiempirical calculations based on the wind speed and the development of the wave spectrum only when the contribution of thin foam streaks oriented in the direction of the wind is neglected. Since both the actively forming whitecaps and the thin foam streaks contribute significantly to the microwave emissivity of the sea surface, it is important that the foam streaks be included in the theory but differentiated from large white caps and foam patches. A simple relationship that accounts for the foam streaks based on the rate of energy transfer, the wind speed, and the wave spectrum is proposed. By means of empirically derived constant terms for the microwave signatures of white caps and foam streaks, this theory was adapted to the prediction of the increase in brightness temperature due to foam, with reasonable results to wind speeds of 20 m/sec.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 4; 20 p
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  • 3
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    Laser observations of wave growth and foam density for fetch limited 25 M/SEC winds (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The variability of sea surface conditions has been observed from a low flying aircraft by a laser wave profiling system for fetch limited wind speeds of 25 M/SEC. in the North Sea. Wave profiles obtained with the laser system have been analyzed and show that wave growth occurs simultaneously at all frequencies and that an equilibrium value for the higher frequency components is eventually reached, but not before substantially higher (overshoot) values are obtained. Simultaneous photography of the surface has been analyzed and show that 32 percent of the surface is covered with white caps, foam and streaks. This result is in good agreement with a semi-empirical relationship incorporating both the wind speed and the local wave spectrum which predicts 26 percent white water for the conditions observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 27 p
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  • 4
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    Experimental masking of RBV images to reduce stationary residual inaccuracies in radiometric correction (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Return beam vidicon tube calibration data are used to correct spatially non-uniform radiance response in individual vidicons, during post-acquisition signal processing. However, examination of different ERTS-1 RBV-1, -2, and -3 image scenes showed stationary, repetitive residual inaccuracies in shading correction, large enough to affect qualitative and quantitative image analyses. Photographic masks designed to reduce residual shading were prepared from RBV-1, -2, and -3 images of a relatively cloud-free ocean scene of uniform reflectance. When applied to other RBV scenes, the masks enabled more closely corrected RBV images to be printed. Illustrations are given of RBV-1 image before and after correction, compared with an equivalent MSS spectral image of the same scene.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: PAPER-I4 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Symp. on Significant Results obtained from the ERTS-1, Vol. 1, Sect. A and B; p 1123-1128
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  • 5
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    Water depth estimation with ERTS-1 imagery (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Contrast-enhanced 9.5 inch ERTS-1 images were produced for an investigation on ocean water color. Such images lend themselves to water depth estimation by photographic and electronic density contouring. MSS-4 and -5 images of the Great Bahama Bank were density sliced by both methods. Correlation was found between the MSS-4 image and a hydrographic chart at 1:467,000 scale, in a number of areas corresponding to water depth of less than 2 meters, 5 to 10 meters and 10 to about 20 meters. The MSS-5 image was restricted to depths of about 2 meters. Where reflective bottom and clear water are found, ERTS-1 MSS-4 images can be used with density contouring by electronic or photographic methods for estimating depths to 5 meters within about one meter.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: PAPER-M19 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Symp. on Significant Results obtained from the ERTS-1, Vol. 1, Sect. A and B; p 1423-1432
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  • 6
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    Results of the US contribution to the joint US/USSR Bering Sea experiment (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The atmospheric circulation which occurred during the Bering Sea Experiment, 15 February to 10 March 1973, in and around the experiment area is analyzed and related to the macroscale morphology and dynamics of the sea ice cover. The ice cover was very complex in structure, being made up of five ice types, and underwent strong dynamic activity. Synoptic analyses show that an optimum variety of weather situations occurred during the experiment: an initial strong anticyclonic period (6 days), followed by a period of strong cyclonic activity (6 days), followed by weak anticyclonic activity (3 days), and finally a period of weak cyclonic activity (4 days). The data of the mesoscale test areas observed on the four sea ice option flights, and ship weather, and drift data give a detailed description of mesoscale ice dynamics which correlates well with the macroscale view: anticyclonic activity advects the ice southward with strong ice divergence and a regular lead and polynya pattern; cyclonic activity advects the ice northward with ice convergence, or slight divergence, and a random lead and polynya pattern.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70648 , X-910-74-141
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  • 7
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    Remote sensing of Pacific hurricane and radiometric measurements from foam and slicks (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10773 , NASA-CR-140126
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    Ocean water color assessment from ERTS-1 RBV and MSS imagery (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10651 , NASA-CR-139028 , TR-C200-4
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  • 9
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    Ocean water color assessment from ERTS-1 RBV and MSS imagery (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Photo-optical and electronic density slicing were applied to ERTS-1 E 1007-151651-4, 30 July 1972, an area in the Caribbean showing deep ocean water, and shallow areas on the Great Baham Bank ranging from 0.5 meter or less to 18 meters. The density slicing processes were adjusted to correlate water radiance to bathmetric contours shown on C and GS Chart 1112. A number of large areas corresponding to water depths of 2 meters or less, 5 to 10 meters, and 10 to about 20 meters were isolated by both processes. Where clear water and uniformly reflective bottom was found, clear of marine growths, the photo-optical and electronic image density slicing processes proved effective in delineating areas where the depth was in the order of 5 meters, plus or minus 1 meter.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E73-10726 , NASA-CR-133070
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  • 10
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    Ocean water color assessment from ERTS-1 RBV and MSS imagery (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E73-10718 , NASA-CR-133218
    Format: application/pdf
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