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  • 1
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    Determining atmospheric density using a space-launched projectile (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 23; 273-280
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  • 2
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    Nitric oxide formation by meteoroids in the upper atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The process of nitric oxide formation during atmospheric entry of meteoroids is analyzed theoretically. An ablating meteoroid is assumed to be a point source in a uniform flow with a continuum regime evolving in its wake. The amount of nitric oxide produced by high-temperature reactions of air in the continuum regime is calculated by numerical integration of chemical-rate equations. The results, when summed over the observed mass, velocity, and entry-angle distributions of meteoroids, provide annual global production rates of nitric oxide as a function of altitude. The peak production of nitric oxide is found to occur at altitudes between 90 and 100 km, the total annual rate being about 40 million kg. The present results suggest that the large concentration of nitric oxide observed below 95 km could be attributed to meteoroids instead of photodissociation of nitrogen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Environment; 10; 7, 19; 1976
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  • 3
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    Power line radiation in the magnetosphere (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Harmonic radiation from electrical power transmission lines in the range of a few kHz leaks into the magnetosphere and stimulates a coherent wave instability, resulting in strong amplification of the input waves and the generation of free-running emissions. A description is given of some recent observational results that provide new information on the power line radiation (PLR) phenomenon. It is pointed out that PLR stimulates many subtle and complex wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere that are similar to those simulated by controlled transmitter signals. These interactions undoubtedly affect both wave and particle environments in the magnetosphere. However, a quantitative assessment of their importance is not possible until further information becomes available.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 4
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    An analysis of the physical, chemical, optical, and historical impacts of the 1908 Tunguska meteor fall (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An analysis is presented of the physical characteristics and photochemical aftereffects of the 1908 Tunguska explosive cometary meteor, whose physical manifestations are consistent with a five million ton object's entry into the earth's atmosphere at 40 km/sec. Aerodynamic calculations indicate that the shock waves emanating from the falling meteor could have generated up to 30 million tons of nitric oxide in the stratosphere and mesosphere. A fully interactive one-dimensional chemical-kinetics model of atmospheric trace constituents is used to estimate the photochemical consequences of such a large NO injection. The 35-45% hemispherical ozone depletion predicted by the model is in keeping with the 30 + or - 15% ozone variation reported for the first year after the Tunguska fall. Attention is also given to the optical anomalies which followed the event for indications of NO(x)-O(x) chemiluminescent emissions, NO2 solar absorption, and meteoric dust turbidity, along with possible climate changes due to the nearly one million tons of pulverized dust deposited in the mesosphere and stratosphere by the meteor.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 50; Apr. 198
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  • 5
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    The satellite power system - Assessment of the environmental impact on middle atmosphere composition and on climate (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Numerical models were developed to calculate the total deposition of watervapor, hydrogen, CO2, CO, SO2, and NO in the middle atmosphere from operation of heavy lift launch vehicles (HLLV) used to build a satellite solar power system (SPS). The effects of the contaminants were examined for their effects on the upper atmosphere. One- and two-dimensional models were formulated for the photochemistry of the upper atmosphere and for rocket plumes and reentry. An SPS scenario of 400 launches per year for 10 yr was considered. The build-up of the contaminants in the atmosphere was projected to have no significant effects, even at the launch latitude. Neither would there by any dangerous ozone depletion. It was found that H, OH, and HO2 species would double in the thermosphere. No measurable changes in climate were foreseen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Solar Power Review; 3; 3, 19; 1982
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  • 6
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    Whistlers (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Theoretical models of ionospheric whistler phenomena are reviewed and compared with experimental data. Whistlers were characterized as lightning discharges through a dispersive medium in 1919, with the first observed appearance of whistler noises detected in telephone communications. Magneto-ionic theory is used to characterize whistlers, with the Appleton-Hartree equations applied to the wave fields arising from lightning interactions with ionospheric plasma. Large values of the refractive index or slow propagation speeds give rise to the whistler mode, i.e., propagation of the wave through plasmas of any density. Propagation through the ionosphere is examined with the Snell's law, and account is taken of absorption and the necessity of obtaining full-wave solutions. Finally, theories are under development to explain the occurrence of ducting, i.e., guiding of the whistler wave by field-aligned plasma density irregularities.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 7
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    Determination of atmospheric density using a space-launched projectile (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method is proposed that provides advance information about unpredictable atmospheric density dispersions that must be accommodated during random operations of aeroassisted-orbital-transfer vehicles (AOTVs). The principal feature is that a test or 'scout' projectile precedes the AOTV through the same region of the atmosphere as that of the predicted transatmospheric flight trajectory. The atmospheric density structure is determined from the vehicle's aerodynamic deceleration characteristics by on-board or ground-based tracking equipment. The time lag between passage of the projectile and the AOTV can be adjusted to only that time necessary to implement required guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C) corrections. The various strategies available to control the projectile's flight characteristics are analyzed in detail. The results are correlated with aerothermodynamic heating and materials requirements to ensure the survival of the projectile and, consequently, the capability of the AOTV to navigate a variable upper atmosphere within specified limits.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 85-0327
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  • 8
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    The control of the magnetosphere by power line radiation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Evidence is presented that radiated power line harmonics leak into high-altitude regions of the magnetosphere with sufficient intensity to control the starting frequencies of chorus emissions. OGO-3 data from three passes show that the starting frequencies of all measurable chorus emissions were within a few hertz of power line harmonics. It is also found that emissions detected over Western Europe were controlled by harmonics of 50 Hz; over the eastern United States and Canada by 60 Hz; and along the Alaska-New Zealand meridian by harmonics of both 50 and 60 Hz. These results indicate that man-made VLF noise plays an important role in the generation of chorus, one of the commonly observed forms of wave activity in the outer magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; June 1
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  • 9
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    On what ionospheric workers should know about the plasmapause-plasmasphere. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 11; Feb. 197
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  • 10
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    Vertical motions of the midlatitude F2 layer during magnetospheric substorms. (1971)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Use of ground-based ionosonde records from midlatitude stations during winter nights to study vertical motions of the F2 layer associated with magnetospheric substorms. The results show that during substorms the F2 layer is lifted upward in the premidnight sector and pushed downward in the postmidnight sector. These motions are interpreted in terms of E x B drifts, the electric field being eastward on the eveningside and westward on the morningside. The results emphasize the importance of substorm effects on the midlatitude F region and the potential of ground-based hf sounding techniques in studying magnetospheric substorms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 76; Dec. 1
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