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  • 1
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    The impact of polar stratospheric clouds on the heating rates of the winter polar stratosphere (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The perturbation affecting IR radiative heating rates of the lower stratosphere that are prompted by the occurrence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) during the Arctic and Antarctic winter are presently calculated by means of a multispectral radiative transfer code that allows for scattering, absorption, and thermal emission by particles and gases. Attention is given to perturbations arising from both the particulate opacity of the PSCs and the decrease of H2O vapor accompanying their formation. For plausible values of model parameters, the former, direct effect is always one of increased radiative cooling, while the indirect effect is always one of decreased cooling.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 42; 245-262
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    On the mean particle size and water content of polar mesospheric clouds (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results from the ultraviolet spectrometer experiment (UVS) aboard the Solar Mesospheric Explorer, which measures ultraviolet sunlight scattered from air molecules in the mesosphere, are reported and discussed. The UVS experiment, its observing modes, and details of the observing sequence are described. The data are compared with predictions of Mie scattering theory, assuming the size distribution is parameterized by a mean radius and a width parameter. The water ice content, mean particle radius, and column number are calculated as a function of cloud brightness, and in terms of the unknown width parameter. It is concluded that polar mesospheric cloud particles are quite small, having average volume-effective radii less than 70 mm, and that clouds differ in their optical properties mainly as a result of their mean particle size.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 33; 1209-122
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The solution of the generalized two-stream approximation for radiative transfer in homogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres is extended to vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres in a manner which is numerically stable and computationally efficient. It is shown that solar energy deposition rates, photolysis rates, and infrared cooling rates all may be calculated with the simple modifications of a single algorithm. The accuracy of the algorithm is generally better than 10 percent, so that other uncertainties, such as in absorption coefficients, may often dominate the error in calculation of the quantities of interest to atmospheric studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 16287-16
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Consequences of a past encounter of the earth with an interstellar cloud (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In its motion through the Galaxy the sun may have suffered a number of encounters with dense interstellar clouds for which the number density of molecular hydrogen is in excess of 1000 per cu cm. Several authors have shown that this is sufficient density to stop the solar wind inside earth's orbit. Earth's atmosphere would be subjected to an interstellar H2 flux of more than 7 billion per sq cm/sec for periods of the order of 100,000 years. Simple scaling arguments are used to examine several consequences for earth's atmosphere: (1) the ionospheric F region would largely disappear; (2) the water-vapor content of the middle atmosphere would be greatly enhanced, reducing the mesospheric ozone concentrations and thereby lowering the average temperature and altitude of the mesopause; (3) as a result of (2), widespread mesospheric ice clouds would occur, increasing the planetary albedo; and (4) the resultant radiative cooling at the surface may have been sufficient to 'trigger' an ice age.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Mar. 197
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  • 5
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    Cryoconite holes on glaciers (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Cryoconite holes are water-filled depressions on the surface of glaciers. They contain microbial communities and may contribute to glacial wastage and biological colonization of ice-free areas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: BioScience (ISSN 0006-3568); 35; 499-503
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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