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  • 1
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    Comparison of ozone profiles obtained with NIES DIAL and SAGE II measurements (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Ozone profiles obtained with the Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system at the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) (Tsukuba, Japan) were compared with data provided by the satellite sensor SAGE II. The SAGE II data were selected based on criteria of spatial and temporal differences between the DIAL and the SAGE II measurements: five degrees in latitude and 15 degrees in longitude, within a latitudinal band from 31 deg to 41 deg N, and within one, three and five days after or before the DIAL measurements. Results show very good agreement for the individual and the zonal-mean profiles. The average mean difference between the DIAL and the SAGE II measurements over the altitudes 15-50 km was about 10 percent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Meteorological Society of Japan, Journal (ISSN 0026-1165); 71; 1; p. 153-159.
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  • 2
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    Background stratospheric aerosol and polar stratospheric cloud reference models (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A global aerosol climatology is evolving from the NASA satellite experiments SAM II, SAGE I, and SAGE II. In addition, polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) data have been obtained from these experiments over the last decade. An undated reference model of the optical characteristics of the background aerosol is described and a new aerosol reference model derived from the latest available data is proposed. The aerosol models are referenced to the height above the tropopause. The impact of a number of volcanic eruptions is described. In addition, a model describing the seasonal, longitudinal, and interannual variations in PSCs is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 13; 1, Ja
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  • 3
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    Initial assessment of the stratospheric and climatic impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption - Prologue (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An overview is given of the techniques employed to evaluate the early effects of the volcanic eruption on the stratosphere and climate, and data are given on the initial eruption yield. Global satellite measurements were taken by TOMS, SAGE II, AVHRR, and other devices, and the initial results indicate an eruption yield of 20 megatons of SO2 and 20-30 megatons of H2SO4/H2O aerosol mass. The predicted effects of the eruption - accelerated global ozone depletion and surface cooling - can be compared to meteorological data to test the validity of present climate models based on these data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 149
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  • 4
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    SAGE II measurements of early Pinatubo aerosols (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: SAGE II satellite measurements of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption cloud in the stratosphere during June, July, and early August 1991 show that aerosols in the tropics reached as high as 29 km altitude with most of the cloud between 20 and 25 km. The most optically thick portions of the cloud covered latitudes from 10 deg S to 30 deg N during the early part of this period. By late July, high stratospheric optical depths were observed to at least 70 deg N, with the high values north of about 30 deg N from layers below 20 km. High pressure systems in both hemispheres were observed to be correlated with the movement of volcanic material at 21 km into the westerly jet stream at high southern latitudes and similarly to high northern latitudes at 16 km. By August, the entire Southern Hemisphere had experienced a 10-fold increase in optical depth relative to early July due to layers above 20 km. Initial mass calculations using SAGE II data place the aerosol produced from this eruption at 20 to 30 megatons, well above the 12 megatons produced by El Chichon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 155-158
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  • 5
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    Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM 2) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement 2 (SAM 2) is used to map the concentration and optical properties of stratospheric aerosols as a function of altitude, latitude, and longitude. The vertical distribution of the stratospheric aerosols in the polar regions of both hemispheres is provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 105-138
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  • 6
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    Satellite/rocket ozone comparisons at Natal, Brazil (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Comparisons are presented of satellite, rocket, and balloon ozone profiles near Natal, Brazil (5.9 deg S, 35.2 deg W). The low variability of stratospheric ozone at Natal during March and April of 1985 has allowed intercomparisons of reasonably large data sets, rather than a small number of paired satellite/in situ comparisons. There are sharp differences between the profile from the SBUV instrument on Nimbus 7 and the in situ measurements. These results support the conclusions of the NASA Ozone Trends Panel that there is an instrumental cause for the very large changes in upper stratospheric ozone seen by SBUV. Along with other comparisons, these results are being used in a reassessment of the SBUV instrument and its data reduction procedures. The agreement between the ozone profiles from the SAGE II instrument on the ERBS satellite and the rocket values is excellent over the full range of comparisons. Both SAGE II and ROCOZ-A must convert from altitude to pressure for intercomparisons with SME and with SBUV-type instruments. The conversion between pressure and altitude is as important as the ozone measurements, especially in the upper stratosphere where the scale height for ozone is approximately half that for pressure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 7
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    Stratospheric aerosol optical depth observed by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment. II - Decay of the El Chichon and Ruiz volcanic perturbations (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The decay of the El Chichon perturbation to the optical depth of stratospheric aerosols at 1.02 micron, 0.525 micron, and 0.453 micron is calculated from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) data set for the period December 1984 to December 1988. It is found that the perturbed optical depths at middle and higher latitudes of both hemispheres exhibited an exponential decay superimposed by a seasonal oscillation with a maximum and a minimum occurring in local winter and local summer, respectively. Microphysical processes and variation of the tropopause height alone cannot explain this seasonal change of optical depth. The magnitudes of the exponential component at higher latitudes were, in general, larger than those at lower latitudes. For optical depths in tropical regions, the seasonal oscillations were small and were disturbed by the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz on November 13, 1985. The increase in the ratio of optical depth at 0.525 micron to that at 1.02 micron from about 2.0 at the beginning of 1985 to about 3.5 at the end of 1988 indicates the average size of aerosol particles in the stratosphere is diminishing since the eruption of El Chichon. The 1/e folding time for El Chichon decay derived from the SAGE II data set is in reasonably good agreement with those derived by other methods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 5209-521
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  • 8
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    Comparison of stratospheric ozone profiles and their seasonal variations as measured by lidar and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment during 1988 (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A ground-based, high power, laser remote sensing system for measurements of stratospheric ozone concentration profiles has been in operation at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Table Mountain Facility located in southern California, since January 1988. The seasonal variations observed in the ozone profiles, during 1988 and as a function of altitude, are described here. These profiles are compared with those from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment satellite instrument made within a radius of 1000 km from the lidar and also with the zonal mean measurements made in the band 34.4 +/- 5 deg. Comparison with the proposed new CIRA ozone reference model has also been carried out. The seasonal variations, between 25 and 50 km, observed by the two instruments and indicated by the reference model are in good agreement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 5605-561
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  • 9
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    Satellite and aircraft measurements of stratospheric aerosol particles (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data on the characteristics of the stratospheric aerosol as measured with sensors on the SAM II and SAGE I satellites and with ground-based and airborne lidar are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the impact of the El Chichon eruptions. The volcanic cloud was tracked to an altitude of 30 km, and was observed to travel around the earth in 3 weeks. The maximum stratospheric loading is estimated at 12 Mtons, which increased the stratospheric optical depth to 0.15-2.0 at the peak period. The particulate loading was predicted to lower the Northern Hemisphere average temperatures by 0.4-0.5 C in 1984-85.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 10
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    Intercomparison of satellite ozone profile measurements (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ozone profile data are intercompared with those from the LIMS and SBUV flown on Nimbus 7, SAGE flown on Atmospheric Explorer Mission 2, and the Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectrometers flown on the SME. Ozone data were derived from the measurements with independently derived processing algorithms. The data cover different time periods and have different spatial and temporal resolutions. The similarities and differences between the individual data sets are determined with effort focused on directly comparing the spacecraft data sets in the form of individual profiles, zonal mean profiles and global analyses. Comparisons with ground data from balloons and Umkehr stations are made.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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