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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A technique proposed by King and Byrne (1976) for inferring the daily value of the total ozone content of the atmosphere is applied to spectral optical depth measurements obtained at Tucson for a 29-month period between August 1975 and December 1977. The selection of wavelength regions appropriate for aerosol optical depth determinations in the visible and near infrared is discussed, and monthly averages of the total and aerosol optical depths are presented for five wavelengths between 0.4400 and 0.8817 microns. Finally, daily values of total ozone content are presented for the entire 133-day data set.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; June 198
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Columnar aerosol size distributions have been inferred by numerically inverting particulate optical depth measurements as a function of wavelength. An inversion formula which explicitly includes the magnitude of the measurement variances is derived and applied to optical depth measurements obtained in Tucson with a solar radiometer. It is found that the individual size distributions of the aerosol particles (assumed spherical), at least for radii greater than or approximately equal to 0.1 micron, fall into one of three distinctly different categories. Approximately 50% of all distributions examined thus far can best be represented as a composite of a Junge distribution plus a distribution of relatively monodispersed larger particles centered at a radius of about 0.5 micron. Scarcely 20% of the distributions yielded Junge size distributions, while 30% yielded relatively monodispersed distributions of the log-normal or gamma distribution types. A representative selection of each of these types will be presented and discussed. The sensitivity of spectral attenuation measurements to the radii limits and refractive index assumed in the numerical inversion will also be addressed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 35; Nov. 197
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper presents several examples of simultaneous measurements of electrons and positive ions (5 eV to 15 eV) and of magnetic field perturbations due to field-aligned currents made on the polar-orbiting ISIS-2 satellite at 1400 km altitude in the early morning local time (MLT) sector. There is a good general correspondence between changes in the gradient of the E-W component of the magnetic field along the spacecraft orbit and changes in the character of the low-energy electron fluxes. The equatorward region of outward current flow in this post-midnight sector is spatially coincident with the isotropic precipitation associated with the low-altitude plasma sheet. In cases examined, electron current density always exceeds positive ion current density by a factor of 10 and usually by a factor of over 100.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; July 197
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Doppler tracking experiment was designed to test the feasibility of improved mapping of earth gravity field anomalies by means of the low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking method. All prescribed data have been retrieved and are currently being reduced and analyzed. Baseline data taken while the docking module was still attached to the command and service module indicated that the equipment operated satisfactorily. The efficacy of the two frequency ionospheric correction method has been demonstrated, and preliminary reduction of a data sample has successfully removed extraneous signatures down to the 50-millihertz level, where the rotational motion of the docking module is revealed. Photographs of the docking module, taken shortly after jettison, show that its rotation was stable.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 31 p
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The first data obtained from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) are presented. These data include emitted infrared radiation, albedo, and estimated scene types for Nov. 15, 1984, as well as measurements of the 'solar constant'. Images from the GOES on the same day are included for comparison with the ERBE scene identification. On an instantaneous basis, clouds appear colder and more reflective than seems to have been noted before. The experiment data will be applied to several key studies of cloud-radiation-climate interactions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 67; 818-824
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A gravity trend map of North America, based on a horizontal Bouguer gravity gradient map produced from gravity data for Canada and the conterminous United States, is presented and used to define a continental mosaic of gravity trend domains akin to structural domains. Contrasting trend characteristics at gravity domain boundaries support the concept of outward growth of the continent primarily by accretionary tectonics. Gravity patterns, however, indicate a different style of tectonics dominated in the development of now-buried Proterozoic orogenic belts in the south-central United States, supporting a view that these belts formed along the leading edge of a southward-migrating Proterozoic continental margin.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 331; 333
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Sensitivity studies related to the effects of line cutoff, spectral resolution, and temperature and pressure interpolations in radiative transfer have been performed so that a data set of absorption coefficients for water vapor, CO2, and O3 may be created efficiently. Results show that computations of absorption coefficients are affected only slightly by cutting a line off at a wave number 190 times the Lorentz half width from the center, or equivalently, cutting off 0.33 percent of the line intensity from the wings. To achieve a relative cooling rate error smaller than 2 percent, it is sufficient to precompute the absorption coefficient at three temperatures (210, 250, and 290 K) and 19 pressures with Delta (log 10 p) = 0.2. The absorption coefficient at other conditions can be interpolated linearly with pressure and exponentially with a quadratic in temperature. For the spectral resolution the absorption coefficients can be adequately computed at 0.01, 0.002, 0.005, and 0.025/cm intervals in the thermal water vapor, the CO2 and O3 bands, and the solar water vapor bands, respectively, which limits the error to only a few percent in the cooling and heating rates. Using the precomputed absorption coefficients, repeated monochromatic calculations of atmospheric heating/cooling rates for radiation model developments and for comparison with less detailed calculations are no longer difficult.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 4047-405
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The influence of the choice of the Lagrange multiplier on constrained linear inversions is explored, with reference made to applications in inferring the columnar aerosol size distributions from spectral aerosol optical depth measurements. A range of the Lagrange multiplier is examined to find all positive solutions for the solution vector, which represents modifying factors to the assumed form of the size distribution. An iterative method is devised to constrain the calculations to consideration of only positive quantities and a requirement that the regression fit to data be consistent with measurement errors. The determination of the variances and covariances is formulated and applied to existing data sets for optical depth. Variances in the solution are found to be large for particle radii when the information content of the data is small.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; June 198
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The equatorial region has attracted many MAD studies mainly based on data of limited locations and resolutions. Established at NIEO are: (1) Climatology of the equatorial middle atmosphere (all of the mean zonal flow, the meridional and/or east-west circulations and the planetary/gravity waves are described based on massive, reliable data statistics); (2) Troposphere-stratosphere coupling at the equator (the candidate location of NIEO is just at the stratospheric fountain area where the tracers and waves are pumped up into the middle atmosphere); and (3) Mesosphere-thermosphere coupling at the equator; thermospheric superrotation, which may be caused either by ion drag or by tidal breaking, is examined in detail by observations covering a wide altitude range from the mesosphere through the thermosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, volume 27; p 16-17
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In MAP observations, it was found that: (1) gravity waves in selected or filtered portions of data are fit for monochromatic structures, whereas (2) those in fully continuous and resolved observations take universal continuous spectra. It is possible to explain (2) by dispersion of quasi-monochromatic (or slowly varying) wave packets observed locally as (1), since the medium atmosphere is unsteady and nonuniform. Complete verification of the wave-mean flow interactions by tracking individual wave packets seems hopeless, because the wave induced flow cannot be distinguished from the basic flow independent of the waves. Instead, the primitive picture is looked at before MAP, that is, the atmosphere is just like an entertainment stage illuminated by cocktail lights of quasi-monochromatic gravity waves. The wave parameters are regarded as functions of time and spatial coordinates. The observational evidences (1) and (2) suggest that the wave parameter field is rather homogeneous, which can be explained by interference of quasi-monochromatic wave packets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, volume 27; p 482-483
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