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  • 1
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    An unusual photograph of an air lightning discharge (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Weather; 29; Jan. 197
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Lightning amplitude spectra in the interval from 100 kHz to 20 MHz (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The electric radiation fields produced by lightning return strokes, stepped leaders, and intracloud discharge processes have been Fourier-analyzed to determine amplitude spectra for these processes from about 100 kHz to 20 MHz. The fields were recorded under conditions where the lightning locations were known and where the field propagation from the lightning sources to the recording site was entirely over salt water. The spectra for return strokes show an f exp -1 frequency dependence from 100 kHz to 2 MHz, an f exp -2 dependence between 2 and 10 MHz, and an f exp -5 decrease above 10 MHz. In the 1 to 20 MHz range, the spectra of the initial fast transition in return strokes, the initial fast-rising portion of leader steps and the fast transitions in positive intracloud pulses are surprisingly similar.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Aug. 198
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Maxwell currents under thunderstorms (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Time variations observed in thunderstorm electric fields may be interpreted in terms of a total Maxwell current density, varying slowly with time in the intervals between lightning discharges, which can be used to estimate and map thunderstorms. Using the quasi-static behavior of the Maxwell current density, an expression is derived for the field-dependent current density under a thunderstorm during the field recovery following a lightning discharge. Values of air conductivity under the small storm which range from 2 to 6 x 10 to the -13th mho/m are inferred. Data are presented which indicate that the area-average Maxwell current is not usually affected by lightning, and instead varies slowly throughout the evolution of the storm. In light of this, it is suggested that cloud electrification processes probably do not depend on the cloud electric field as much as on the more slowly varying storm dynamics and meteorological structure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Dec. 20
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  • 4
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    Currents in Florida lightning return strokes. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The transmission line return stroke model is used to derive individual current versus time wave forms from measured electric fields. A total of 98 strokes in 21 flashes at distances less than or equal to 10 km and 63 strokes in 18 flashes at distances between 10 and 32 km are analyzed for current wave shape and magnitude. For the closer strokes, return stroke velocity is also determined from the electric field wave forms. Eighteen detailed current and field wave forms and a statistical distribution of peak currents are presented. Return stroke channel currents are found to exhibit a sharp initial peak which currents measured in tall structures at the base of the lightning channel apparently do not exhibit. A complete discussion of errors is given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; June 20
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  • 5
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    Electric field intensity of the lightning return stroke. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: From an examination of about 1000 electric field wave forms produced by lightning return strokes in 16 storms at distances between 20 and 100 km from an observation site at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, a typical return stroke current wave form is derived. For this current wave form, the electric field intensity at distances between 0.5 and 100 km is computed for three values of return stroke velocity. The resultant curves for close lightning are compared with measured field wave forms. The transmission line return stroke model is used in all calculations since, as discussed, the Bruce-Golde model cannot account for the observed electric field characteristics.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; June 20
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  • 6
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    Regular radiation field pulses produced by intracloud lightning discharges (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Sequences or bursts of uniform pulses have been recorded during a large fraction of intracloud lightning discharges in Florida and Arizona. The wave form of a typical pulse begins with a fast large-amplitude portion followed by a small and slowly varying overshoot. The full width and half maximum of the large amplitude peak is typically 0.75 microsec, and the time intervals between pulses are typically 5 microsec in both maritime and continental storms. The pulse shapes and interval times suggest that the source of these pulses in an intracloud dart-stepped leader process similar to that which has been photographed in discharges to ground.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept
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  • 7
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    Effects of 200 km propagation on Florida lightning return stroke electric fields (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The electric fields produced by lightning return strokes near Kennedy Space Center, Florida, have been measured simultaneously at distances of about 5 to 25 km and about 200 km. Detailed records of the first 12 microsec of waveforms from four strokes are presented, as well as data on the initial field risetimes for 58 first and 92 subsequent strokes. The mean field risetime measured between the 10 to 90% points was about 1 microsec at the close station and about 2 microsec at the distant one.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 11; Dec. 197
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Lightning electromagnetic radiation field spectra in the interval from 0.2 to 20 MHz (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: New Fourier transforms of wideband time-domain electric fields (E) produced by lightning (recorded at the Kennedy Space Center during the summers of 1985 and 1987) were recorded in such a way that several different events in each lightning flash could be captured. Average HF spectral amplitudes for first return strokes, stepped-leader steps, and 'characteristic pulses' are given for significantly more events, at closer ranges, and with better spectral resolution than in previous literature reports. The method of recording gives less bias toward the first large event in the flash and thus yields a large sample of a wide variety of lightning processes. As a result, reliable composite spectral amplitudes are obtained for a number of different processes in cloud-to-ground lightning over the frequency interval from 0.2 to 20 MHz.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 20367-20
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