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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The explosive June 1991 eruptions of Mount Pinatubo produced the largest sulfur dioxide cloud detected by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) during its 13 years of operation: approximately 20 million tons of SO2, predominantly from the cataclysmic June 15th eruption. The SO2 cloud observed by the TOMS encircled the earth in about 22 days (about 21 m/s); however, during the first three days the leading edge of the SO2 cloud moved with a speed that averaged about 35 m/s. Compared to the 1982 El Chichon eruptions, Pinatubo outgassed nearly three times the amount of SO2 during its explosive phases. The main cloud straddled the equator within the first two weeks of eruption, whereas the El Chichon cloud remained primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. The measurements indicate that Mount Pinatubo has produced a much larger and perhaps longer-lasting SO2 cloud; thus, climatic responses to the Pinatubo eruption can exceed those of El Chichon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 151-154
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The 1991 Antarctic springtime ozone decline, as measured by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), was similar to those of earlier deep ozone hole years, 1987, 1989, and 1990. The minimum total ozone value was recorded on October 5, 1991 at 108 Dobson units near the South Pole. This was 8 DU lower than in any of the earlier years. Four of the last five years have exhibited an extensive, deep ozone hole. The area of the hole was about the same as in 1987, 1989, and 1990. The recovery of the low total ozone values occurred in mid-November as the polar vortex broke up.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 12, J
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The 1990 Antarctic ozone hole matched the record 1987 ozone hole in depth, duration, and area. During the formation phase of the hole (August), total ozone values were the lowest yet recorded. The decline rate approximately matched the record 1987 decline and reached a minimum of 125 Dobson Units on October 4, 1990. October total ozone averages were marginally higher that 1987. As during 1987, the 1990 total ozone values within the hole slowly and steadily increased during the mid-October through November period. The ozone hole breakup was the latest yet recorded (early December), with low ozone values persisting over the pole through December, setting a record low for December average polar ozone. Temperatures were near average during the early spring, but were below normal for the late spring. Temperatures in the early spring of 1990 were substantially warmer than those observed in the early spring of 1987.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 18; 661-664
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A more detailed examination of the TOMS observations reveals a number of important aspects of the Antarctic ozone depletion. First, it is noted that the presence of large scale disturbances around the edge of the ozone hole can lead to highly variable station observations. Second, an examination of the zonal mean total ozone for the seven Octobers shows that the large systematic decline is not simply confined to the polar region but exists at midlatitudes as well. Integrations of the total ozone from the South Pole northwards show that a portion of the systematic trend of decreasing Antarctic total ozone (prior to 1985) seems to be due to a redistribution of total ozone to subpolar and midlatitude regions. That is, decreases at high latitudes are compensated by increases at lower latitudes. The correlation between zonal mean total ozone and 70 mb zonal mean temperatures from polar to midlatitudes shows that the systematic decreases in total ozone is well correlated with a systematic decrease in stratospheric temperatures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1217-122
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An overview is given of the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) which was designed to observe the spatial characteristics of total ozone that were not resolved by the nadir-viewing Nimbus BUV and SBUV instruments. At the wavelengths suitable for total ozone measurements, the radiance is large enough that the entire daytime atmosphere could be surveyed with about 50-km resolution from a polar orbiting satellite. The resulting high spatial resolution TOMS ozone images are found to reflect the internal dynamic structure of the lower atmosphere. Features which can be identified and tracked include: planetary wave scale troughs and ridges, mesoscale cutoff lows and rapidly moving troughs, jet stream confluence and difluence areas, hurricanes, and polar night lows. These features control the ozone above any given location and account for nearly all the variance in the total ozone. The instrument has been used to track the volcanic eruption clouds from El Chichon, Mount St. Helens, Alaid, and smaller eruptions such as Galunggung. It would be feasible to use a similar instrument on a geostationary platform to obtain half-hourly maps. Determination of the vertical ozone distribution in the lower stratosphere using Radon transform principles would be of importance in measuring jet stream folds and the related troposphere-stratosphere exchange.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 6
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Analyses of a three-year time series of rocket ozone measurements at Wallops Island, VA, a set of rocket ozone soundings across the Southern Hemisphere, and rocket soundings at Fort Churchill, Manitoba are reported. Evidence is obtained that the NOx budget is not simply explained by oxidation of biospheric nitrous oxide. I 1-D time-dependent photochemical model is used to compute the amount of NO2 required to maintain odd oxygen in a steady state after accounting for Chapman, odd hydrogen, and odd chlorine reactions. At Wallops Island, a mid-latitude station, the inferred seasonal variation of NOx is small with the fall and winter mixing ratios about 20 percent greater than the spring and summer values. The soundings at Fort Churchill require about the same NOx amount as at Wallops Island in the spring and summer months but more than twice this amount in late fall and winter. Results indicate that the nitrous oxide source of NOx is supplemented by a polar source during the fall and winter months. This is consistent with the descent of thermospheric air with its high nitric oxide content during the period of strong cooling in the polar night.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Nimbus 7 TOMS (UV) and NOAA 7 and NOAA 8 TOVS (IR) data have been specially processed for the MAP/GLOBUS campaign (September 1983, over Europe). Comparison of the ozone results shows a general agreement but also some discrepancies due to clouds, emissivity of the surface, and latitude effects. The variability of the ozone field, closely linked to geopotential height field, may have induced a great change in total ozone along the balloon flights, but fortunately trajectories tend to lie parallel to the total ozone contours, so that the total ozone during each flight is nearly constant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 35; 539-545
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements from the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet instrument and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer aboard the Nimbus 7 satellite, a sun-synchronous polar-orbiting satellite which passes any given point on the dayside near local noon, are reported. These provide global measurements of ozone from November 1978 to the present which confirm the reported decline in total ozone in the Antarctic region and show the phenomenon to be regional in extent. The decrease occurs during September as the sun rises, reaching a minimum in mid-October. Seven years (1979-1985) of October monthly means show a 40 percent decrease in the ozone minimum and a 20 percent decrease in the surrounding ozone maximum.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 322; 808-811
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Total ozone measurements by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aboard the Nimbus 7 satellite show the reappearance in 1986 of the extreme springtime Antarctic ozone minimum during September and October.The minimum total ozone amounts descended to 156 Dobson Units; the minimum October average of 185 DU was 27 DU higher than the corresponding average in 1985 and 5 DU less than the 1984 average. This behavior indicates a pause in the downward trend of recent years.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 14; 527-530
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Localized rapid reductions in total ozone (miniholes), which were observed during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, are studied with particular attention given to meteorological aspects. It is suggested that miniholes are forced by tropospheric weather features and that they are largely reversible distortions to the airflow around the vortex. The relationship between the miniholes and upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric synoptic-scale disturbances is studied. Trajectory calculations are presented which demonstrate the exchange of air from low latitudes with air from within the vortex, with the vortex air subsequently moving to lower latitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11641-11
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